JURASSIC DEFORMATION AT THE WESTERN MARGIN OF THE EAST ASIA CONTINENT: A CASE STUDY OF DUCTILE DEFORMATION IN THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE BANGONG CO-NUJIANG BELT
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摘要: 班公湖-怒江带作为羌塘地块与拉萨地块晚中生代聚合而形成巨型构造带，其形成时代与如何汇聚是构造研究关键所在。本次研究选择班公湖—怒江带中段的安多—聂荣地块发育为研究区，对地块内部基底发育的近东西走向的韧性剪切带，开展了韧性剪切变形分析与同构造年代学研究。剪切带面理和线理测量分析指示北东—南西向构造挤压，其同构造矿物40Ar/39Ar的测试分析获得年龄约为167 Ma，表明班公湖-怒江带中段形成于中侏罗世中期北东—南西向汇聚的构造背景下。结合区域构造分析，东亚大陆西缘羌塘地块与拉萨地块在中侏罗世中期以北东—南西向碰撞聚合的构造方式完成大陆拼接，为东亚大陆西缘中侏罗世变形提供了直接构造证据。Abstract: The Bangong Co-Nujiang belt resulted from the convergence and collision between the Chiangtang and Lhasa blocks in late Mesozoic. The key issue in this tectonic study is when and how the belt was formed. With the Ando-Nyainrong block of the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang belt as the study area, the ductile shear belts with approximately E-W strike developed in the internal basement of the block are studied based on ductile shear deformation analysis and syntectonic geochronology. The foliation and lineation measurement and analysis of the shear belts indicate tectonic compression with NE-SW strike. Through the test analysis of 40Ar/39Ar in syntectonic minerals, the age is worked out as 167 Ma. All the evidence shows that the central segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang belt was caused under the convergence and collision between the Chiangtang and Lhasa blocks in the middle of Middle Jurassic, which provides direct tectonic evidence for the Jurassic deformation at the western margin of the East Asian continent.
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0. 引言
近断层大地震(如: 1994年美国North Ridge地震、1995年日本Kobe地震、1999年中国台湾集集地震、1999年土耳其Kocaeli地震、2003年伊朗Bam地震)独特的运动特征及其对工程结构的严重影响引起了地震工程界的密切关注[1~6]。Somerville等的研究表明，由于近断层地震动经常包含强烈的动态长周期脉冲和永久地面位移，其运动特征与远场地震动明显不同[1~2]。
汶川“5.12”震后调查表明:地震断裂带附近大量建筑物发生了破坏[7~13]，断层上下盘的建筑物在地震时的破坏程度不同，而且即使位于断层同一侧，由于与断层位置关系的差异，地表建筑物的破坏情况也不尽相同。因此，研究断层在地震作用下对地表建筑物的灾害效应，揭示地表破裂的致灾机理对抗震设计和灾害预防具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
1. 地震引发的建筑物差异性破坏
汶川“5.12”地震在汶川县水磨镇西侧斜坡上形成了产状为331°∠54°的地表破裂(断层)，同时使位于断层上盘的硅业公司主楼(距离断层约25 m)发生了差异性破坏现象，近断层一侧和远离断层一侧的破坏程度明显不同。
水磨镇硅业公司主楼走向北东—南西向，长35 m，宽12 m，高12 m，楼梯位于中部东南侧，厂房平面图见图 1，其受地震的破坏表现为西北侧的梁、柱破坏较轻，仅一个柱(图 1中18号柱)发生向东南方向错动，最大错动距离约3 cm (见图 2); 而东南侧的梁、柱破坏严重，其中4个钢筋混凝土柱(图 1中9、10、13和14号柱)受到垂向挤压破坏并发生水平剪切，钢筋弯曲(见图 3、图 4)。
本文基于对位于断层上盘的汶川县水磨镇硅业公司的实地调查，采用数值模拟方法研究了水磨镇硅业公司主楼在地震动作用下的动力响应特点，并分析了楼体破坏与断裂的关系。
2. 研究区地质概况
汶川县水磨镇硅业公司位于龙门山构造带中南段的北端、水磨河河谷西北岸的高阶地上，其西北侧紧邻一个高度约35 m斜坡的坡脚。场地出露的地层有:泥盆系养马坝组(D2y)泥灰岩，厚度为89~137 m; 第四系冲洪积物，覆盖于养马坝组之上，厚度为0~7.3 m，由砂、砾石组成，其与基岩的接触界面倾向东南侧; 第四系残坡积物，位于厂房东南侧的陡坎下部，厚度为0~2.9 m。场地地质剖面图见图 5。
3. 研究模型的建立
3.1 基本假设
在建立模型时假设: ①平面应变状态; ②周围岩石为均匀的弹性各向同性材料; ③断裂为无厚度的接触面; ④岩石服从摩尔-库仑破坏准则，楼房梁单元为弹性。
3.2 模型的几何形状和边界条件
模拟采用二维模型，模型走向为310°。根据现场实地观测，考虑到边界影响以及模拟的目的，建立地质模型见图 6。模型底部宽160 m，右侧高137 m，左侧高97 m，房高12 m，宽12 m (图中所示为楼房的侧剖面)，楼梯高2 m，距房主梁2 m。模型中断层倾角54°。
模拟分为两个阶段:特征值分析和地震动力分析。在进行特征值分析时，通过点弹簧定义弹性边界，模型的左右两侧及底部边界均为弹簧边界。对于动力分析，采用Lysmer和Wass (1972)提出的粘性边界(viscous boundary)。鉴于该模拟的目的是研究断裂在地震作用时对地表建筑物的破坏作用，模拟时只对模型加载地震波时程荷载，不施加其他应力边界条件。
3.3 材料参数及地震动参数
本研究区的岩性为泥盆系养马坝组(D2y)泥灰岩，表层为第四系冲洪积物和残坡积物。参考《工程地质手册(1992) 》并结合前人大量的数值模拟经验，采用工程地质类比法，确定材料的力学参数如表 1。
表 1 材料参数Table 1. Parameters of the materials
地震动的数值模拟是通过输入地震记录(加速度时程记录)来实现的。该区选择距离最近的卧龙地震台在龙门山发生地震时的监测资料进行动力模拟。地震作用全过程历时135 s。
4. 模拟结果分析
4.1 最大主应力分布规律
模拟结果表明:最大主应力值沿断层自下而上逐渐降低，但在断层上盘，厂房下伏的基岩(泥质灰岩)中出现增大的现象。而在厂房下地基(第四系冲洪积物)中应力值出现明显的减小趋势，这是由于第四系冲洪积物与基岩泥质灰岩的材料参数相差很大，在地震时有减震的作用。
厂房左侧(靠近断层一侧)梁底部平面应变单元节点的最大主应力值大于右侧，左侧为83.9 MPa，右侧为71.4 MPa，两者数值相差12.5 MPa (见图 7)。
但是在房屋左侧(靠近断层一侧)第四系冲洪积物的厚度为4.6209 m，右侧(远离断层一侧)第四系冲洪积物厚度为4.5364 m。按照抗震设计理论，左侧梁单元受到的主应力值应该小于右侧，但是模拟结果却相反。这是因为房屋左侧梁与断层的垂直距离为24.8556 m，右侧梁与断层的垂直距离为84.4065 m，这也就解释了左侧梁单元的主应力大于右侧梁单元主应力值的原因。
4.2 剪应力分布规律
断层上盘剪应力值大于下盘，远离断层，剪应力值逐渐减小。
地基中，厂房左侧(靠近断层一侧)的剪应力值大于右侧，左侧为18.626 MPa，右侧为17.629 MPa (见图 8)。
从梁单元轴向应力曲线图(见图 9)可以看出，梁单元(图中梁单元由下至上编号，每楼层分为4个单元，下同)底部所受的轴向应力最大，且梁单元的轴向应力自下而上减小，到第二层上部时已经减小到底部的约二分之一，这与厂房底部柱体发生挤压破坏(见图 3、图 4)、而上部柱体没有破坏的特征相对应。
从梁单元剪应力曲线图(见图 10)可以看出，左侧梁单元剪应力最大值出现在楼梯与主体梁相交处(3号梁单元处)，由12.008 MPa急剧增大到12.769 MPa，向上至第一层顶部(4号梁单元处)时又急剧减小到11.905 MPa。梁单元剪应力的这种变化规律与图 3显示的破坏特征一致。同时，可以看出，剪应力均为正值，反映其剪切方向为顺时针转动，与图 2-图 4显示的柱体剪切破坏特征相对应。根据梁单元轴向应力和剪应力特征及变化趋势，地震时楼体主梁的破坏是轴向应力和剪应力同时作用造成的。
4.3 剪应变特征
断层附近剪应变发生较为复杂的变化，断层上盘和下盘的剪应变值有明显的差别，从地面上剪应变的分布看，厂房区域剪应变值较大。
从厂房底部的最大剪应变图(见图 11)可以看出，在梁的底部出现应变集中区，而且左侧(靠近断层一侧)大于右侧，左侧为0.03728，右侧为0.03079。
4.4 加速度特征
4.4.1 断裂带上节点水平向加速度特征
断层带上节点水平向加速度值在断层底部最小(-4.457 cm/s2)，由底部向上增大，增大的幅度逐渐减小。断层位置的加速度明显增大，断层顶部的加速度最大值达638.7 m/s2 (卧龙台记录到的最大水平加速度为949.979 cm/s2)。
4.4.2 不同岩性中节点水平向加速度特征
泥灰岩中一节点的最大水平加速度值为313.2 m/s2，冲洪积层中一节点最大水平加速度值为472.6 m/s2，残坡积物中一节点最大水平加速度值为637.8 m/s2，表明在软岩中，加速度明显增大。
5. 结论
(1) 位于断层上盘的厂房，靠近断层一侧的最大主应力值大于远离断层一侧。
(2) 断层上盘剪应力值大于下盘，远离断层，剪应力值逐渐减小; 厂房左侧(靠近断层一侧)的剪应力值大于右侧。
(3) 断层附近剪应变发生较为复杂的变化，断层上盘和下盘的剪应变值有明显的差别，厂房底部出现应变集中区，而且左侧(靠近断层一侧)大于右侧。
(4) 加速度值在断层底部最小，由底部向上增加。断层位置的加速度明显增大，断层顶部的加速度最大值达637.8 m/s2。在软岩中，加速度有明显的放大。
(5) 厂房所受的轴向应力在底部最大，向上逐渐减小，与厂房底部柱体发生挤压破坏的特征相对应; 厂房所受的剪应力值和剪切方向与柱体剪切破坏特征相对应。
(6) 断层的形成改变了局部的应力场条件和加速度特征，从而使位于断层上盘的楼房发生差异性破坏，紧邻断层一侧破坏强烈。地震时楼体主梁的破坏是轴向应力和剪应力同时作用造成的。
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图 1 青藏高原及其邻区构造纲要图与东亚大陆晚中生代构造简图
F1—喜马拉雅主冲断层；F2—雅鲁藏布江缝合带；F3—班公湖-怒江缝合带；F4—金沙江缝合带；F5—昆仑山断裂带；F6—阿尔金断裂带；F7—海原-祁连山构造带；F8—喀喇昆仑断裂带；F9—龙门山断裂带
Figure 1. Tectonic outline map of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas and simplified tectonic map of the East Asia continent in late Mesozoic
图 3 安多—聂荣地块韧性剪切带北东—南西向构造应力场特征(下半球等角投影(吴氏网))
Figure 3. The characteristics of the NE-SW direction tectonic stress field of the ductile shear belts in the Ando-Nyainrong block
图 4 安多—聂荣地块西南缘韧性剪切带(观测点D53)40Ar/39Ar坪年龄与等时线年龄
Figure 4. 40Ar/39Ar plateau age and isochron age of the ductile shear belts at the southwest margin of the Ando-Nyainrong block(Site D53)
图 5 安多—聂荣地块西北缘韧性剪切带(观测点D56)40Ar/39Ar坪年龄与等时线年龄
Figure 5. 40Ar/39Ar plateau age and isochron age of the ductile shear belts at the northwest margin of the Ando-Nyainrong block(Site D56)
表 1 安多—聂荣地块韧性剪切变形测量结果与北东—南西向挤压构造应力场
Table 1. Results of ductile shear deformation analysis and the NE-SW direction compressional tectonic stress field in the Ando-Nyainrong block
点号 经度(E) 纬度(N) 数据量 σ1(az°/pl°) σ2(az°/pl°) σ3(az°/pl°) R D20 92°20′01″ 32°07′16″ 19 333/41 085/22 196/39 0.7 D21 92°18′45″ 32°07′29″ 5 186/34 047/47 292/21 0.7 D22 92°17′44″ 32°06′26″ 5 153/29 248/08 353/58 0.2 D25 92°12′14″ 32°03′23″ 4 320/43 111/42 215/15 0.3 D28 92°04′05″ 31°47′32″ 4 NNE-SSW D45 93°06′34″ 31°50′10″ 9 320/18 097/65 225/15 0.1 D53 91°42′06″ 31°52′51″ 7 244/24 137/33 002/46 0.8 D55 91°41′49″ 32°06′05″ 4 063/05 157/29 323/59 0.5 D56 91°42′45″ 32°07′15″ 7 100/17 209/45 355/39 0.5 D70 91°40′56″ 32°02′05″ 5 030/15 297/11 172/70 0.4 注：σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力；az—倾伏向；pl—倾伏角；R=(σ2-σ3/σ1-σ3) 
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表 2 安多—聂荣地块西南缘韧性剪切带(观测点D53)40Ar/39Ar坪年龄与等时线年龄
Table 2. 40Ar/39Ar plateau age and isochron age of the ductile shear belts at the southwest margin of the Ando-Nyainrong block(Site D53)
T/℃ (40Ar/ 39Ar) m (36Ar/ 39Ar) m (37Ar 0/ 39Ar) m (38Ar/ 39Ar) m 40Ar/% F 39Ar/10 -14mol 39Ar(Cum.)/% Age/Ma ±1σ/Ma D53-1钾长石 W=27.71 mg J=0.002684 Total age=161.0Ma 700 165.8118 0.1561 0.7508 0.0540 72.22 119.8151 0.06 0.33 503.0 5.9 800 31.5490 0.0041 0.0206 0.0137 96.14 30.3332 1.28 6.84 141.2 1.4 860 28.0541 0.0010 0.0474 0.0129 98.90 27.7466 0.80 10.93 129.6 1.3 920 28.3819 0.0031 0.1538 0.0141 96.81 27.4801 0.62 14.06 128.4 1.3 980 28.7767 0.0015 0.1156 0.0130 98.46 28.3349 0.35 15.83 132.2 1.4 1040 30.5556 0.0048 0.0293 0.0139 95.30 29.1211 0.64 19.07 135.8 1.4 1100 34.8159 0.0072 0.0410 0.0148 93.85 32.6757 1.03 24.32 151.6 1.5 1160 37.8379 0.0090 0.0237 0.0147 92.95 35.1694 1.65 32.70 162.7 1.6 1210 38.8774 0.0080 0.0170 0.0147 93.90 36.5066 3.23 49.13 168.6 1.6 1260 38.2769 0.0067 0.0052 0.0142 94.83 36.2989 6.82 83.80 167.7 1.6 1290 37.4411 0.0059 0.0204 0.0141 95.33 35.6945 2.62 97.10 165.0 1.6 1330 37.8766 0.0080 0.1179 0.0146 93.74 35.5089 0.43 99.27 164.2 1.7 1400 40.3533 0.0196 0.3614 0.0165 85.72 34.5995 0.14 100.00 160.2 2.4 D56-1黑云母 W=33.07 mg J=0.002735 Total age=165.6Ma 700 56.7666 0.1419 1.2378 0.0440 26.28 14.9359 0.06 0.37 72.2 5.2 760 36.0626 0.0190 0.1219 0.0169 84.48 30.4678 1.00 6.30 144.4 1.4 800 36.3997 0.0037 0.0783 0.0139 96.99 35.3058 1.61 15.86 166.3 1.6 840 36.1519 0.0021 0.0000 0.0133 98.24 35.5169 1.64 25.62 167.3 1.6 880 36.0022 0.0024 0.1252 0.0138 98.05 35.3049 1.15 32.45 166.3 1.6 920 36.0515 0.0017 0.0771 0.0134 98.59 35.5449 1.15 39.31 167.4 1.6 960 36.0165 0.0019 0.1006 0.0134 98.47 35.4710 1.13 46.01 167.0 1.6 1000 36.2395 0.0019 0.0167 0.0131 98.46 35.6825 1.13 52.75 168.0 1.6 1040 35.9673 0.0014 0.0470 0.0134 98.82 35.5425 2.20 65.84 167.4 1.6 1080 36.0125 0.0015 0.0312 0.0133 98.78 35.5726 2.63 81.46 167.5 1.6 1200 36.1565 0.0014 0.0076 0.0130 98.88 35.7507 2.96 99.05 168.3 1.6 1400 39.5904 0.0179 0.7467 0.0179 86.78 34.3776 0.16 100.00 162.1 2.3 注：表中下标m代表样品中测定的同位素比值，F=40Ar*/39Ar, is the ratio of radiogenic Argon40 and Argon39
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