中亚成矿域典型巨型矿床地球化学指纹特征——以穆龙套金矿和阿尔马雷克斑岩铜矿为例

王学求; 谢淼; 柳青青; 静秀明

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026134

中亚成矿域典型巨型矿床地球化学指纹特征——以穆龙套金矿和阿尔马雷克斑岩铜矿为例

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2026134

王学求^{1, 2, ,},
谢淼^{1, 2,},
柳青青^{1, 2,},
静秀明^{1, 2,}

1.
自然资源部地球化学探测重点实验室，河北廊坊 065000
2.
中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所，天津 300300

基金项目: 国家自然基金地质联合基金项目（U2244219）；中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20230900901）

详细信息

作者简介:
王学求（1963—），男，研究员，从事勘查地球化学研究。Email：wxueqiu@mail.cgs.gov.cn

通讯作者:
王学求（1963—）男，研究员，从事勘查地球化学研究。Email：wxueqiu@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P612；P596
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-09-09
- 修回日期: 2026-10-09
- 录用日期: 2026-10-09
- 预出版日期: 2026-10-09
- 刊出日期: 2026-10-28

Geochemical fingerprinting of typical giant deposits in the Central Asian metallogenic domain: case studies of the Muruntau gold deposit and the Almalyk porphyry copper deposit

WANG Xueqiu^{1, 2
, ,},
XIE Miao^{1, 2
,},
LIU Qingqing^{1, 2
,},
JING Xiuming^{1, 2
,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
2.
Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Tianjin 300300, China

Funds: This research was financially supported by the Geoscience Joint Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U2244219) and the Geological Survey Project of the China Geological Survey (Grant No. DD20230900901).

More Information

Author Bio:
王学求，中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所研究员、首席科学家，博士生导师。2025年获得第十九次李四光地质科学奖科研奖。主要从事矿产勘查地球化学和全球地球化学基准研究。发展金矿勘查地球化学理论技术，直接用于发现西部覆盖区大型金矿16处；首次制作全国16个稀土元素地球化学图，建立中重稀土矿定量勘查评价标志，发现大型稀土矿4处；发起化学地球国际大科学计划，建立覆盖全球陆地面积三分之一的地球化学基准网，发挥了国际引领作用。获得国家科技进步奖二等奖1项，省部级科技奖4项，发表论文323余篇（SCI论文123篇，引证11000余次），出版著作2部，获发明专利7项。入选“国家百千万人才工程国家级人选”，国务院政府特贴专家，荣获国际应用地球化学家学会（AAG）金奖、全国五一劳动奖章等荣誉。现任国际应用地球化学家协会理事，国际地质科学联合会全球地球化学基准值委员会执行主席，联合国教科文组织全球尺度地球化学国际中心首席科学家

摘要

摘要: 中亚成矿域矿产资源极为丰富。苏联时期通过地球化学金属量测量先后发现世界第二大金矿穆龙套金矿、中亚成矿域最大的阿尔马雷克斑岩型铜矿。因此，建立相应找矿标志对中国寻找类似巨型矿床具有迫切的现实意义。通过区域尺度与矿区尺度地球化学特征研究，系统揭示了2种矿床的多尺度异常结构特征。研究得出：穆龙套金矿区，残坡积物地区土壤岩屑测量和准平原化风积物覆盖区穿透性地球化学测量均可有效圈定异常；区域尺度上巨量元素Au、As、Sb、Hg、Pt、Pd高度叠合，并沿控矿背斜和炭质围岩发生超常富集；矿区尺度上Au、As高值异常位于主矿体上方。阿尔马雷克斑岩铜矿呈现典型的地球化学特征；区域尺度上Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn多元素异常相互叠合，矿区尺度上则表现为明显分带特征，以Mo异常为核心内环、Cu-Au为中环、Pb-Zn为外环的经典环带状分带模式。上述2类矿床分别代表了中亚成矿域2种典型矿床地球化学特征与找矿标志，可为中亚成矿域中国新疆境内寻找同类型矿床从区域选区到矿区勘查提供参照。
- 中亚成矿域 /
- 地球化学特征 /
- 穆龙套造山型金矿 /
- 阿尔马雷克斑岩型铜矿 /
- 穿透性地球化学测量
Abstract: Objective The Central Asian Metallogenic Domain is rich in mineral resources. Geochemical metal-content surveys conducted during the Soviet era led to the discovery of the Muruntau gold deposit, the world’s second-largest gold deposit, and the Almalyk porphyry copper deposit, the largest porphyry copper deposit in the Central Asian Metallogenic Domain. Research on their geochemical characteristics is of significance for finding similar deposits in China. Methods Geochemical characteristics were investigated at both regional and deposit scales to characterize the distribution and spatial relationships of geochemical anomalies in the two deposits. Results In the Muruntau gold deposit, soil and rock-fragment geochemical surveys in areas covered by residual and colluvial materials, as well as penetrating geochemical surveys in peneplained areas covered by aeolian sand, effectively delineated geochemical anomalies. At the regional scale, Au, As, Sb, Hg, Pt, and Pd anomalies showed strong spatial overlap, with exceptionally high concentrations along the ore-controlling anticline and in carbonaceous wall rocks. At the deposit scale, pronounced Au and As anomalies occurred above the main orebodies. The Almalyk porphyry copper deposit exhibited a distinct geochemical anomaly pattern. At the regional scale, Cu–Mo–Au–Pb–Zn multielement anomalies showed substantial spatial overlap. At the deposit scale, the anomalies displayed a distinct concentric zoning pattern, with Mo forming the inner zone, Cu–Au the intermediate zone, and Pb–Zn the outer zone. Conclusions The two deposits represent distinct types of giant deposits in the Central Asian Metallogenic Domain, each characterized by specific geochemical signatures and prospecting indicators. Significance These findings provide a reference for exploring similar deposits in the Xinjiang region of China, from regional target selection to deposit-scale exploration.
- Central Asian Metallogenic Domain /
- geochemical characteristics /
- Muruntau gold deposit /
- Almalyk porphyry copper deposit /
- penetrative geological survey
注释:
Author’s Contributions:
WANG Xueqiu was responsible for the conceptualization of the study, field sampling, methodology, and manuscript writing; XIE Miao was responsible for data analysis and manuscript writing; LIU Qingqing and JING Xiuming contributed to data analysis and map generation. All authors have read and approved the manuscript for submission and publication.
Conflict of Interests:
All authors declare no conflict of interests.

HTML全文

图 1 中亚成矿域及典型大型以上矿床分布

黑虚线—中亚成矿域边界

Figure 1. Central Asian Metallogenic Domain with typical large to giant deposits

Dashed line–boundary of the Central Asian Metallogenic Domain

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图 2 穆龙套金矿及砷异常分布（Поцелуев，2004）

Figure 2. Muruntau gold deposit and distribution of arsenic anomalies (Поцелуев, 2004)

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图 3 穆龙套金矿受背斜控制简化地质图（Drew et al.，1996）

Figure 3. Simplified geological map showing the structural control of the Muruntau gold deposit by an anticline (Drew et al., 1996)

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图 4 穆龙套金矿矿区照片及矿石照片

Figure 4. Photographs of the Muruntau gold mining area and gold ore

(a) Muruntau gold mining area; (b) Gold ore from the Muruntau deposit

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图 5 穆龙套金矿区位及外围地球化学组合异常图

a—乌兹别克斯坦示意图；b—穆龙套金矿外围地球化学组合异常图

Figure 5. Location of the Muruntau gold deposit and geochemical composite anomaly map of the surrounding area

(a) Simplified map of Uzbekistan; (b) Geochemical composite anomaly map of the area surrounding the Muruntau gold deposit

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图 6 穆龙套金矿带剖面地球化学特征

a—水提取Au；b—地气As；c—地气Sb；d—地气Hg（Xie et al.，1999）

Figure 6. Geochemical characteristics along profiles across the Muruntau gold belt (a) Water-extracted Au; (b) Geogas As; (c) Geogas Sb; (d) Geogas Hg （Xie et al., 1999）

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图 7 阿尔马雷克铜矿矿田地质构造简图（薛春纪等，2013）

1—花岗闪长斑岩；2—地质界限；3—断裂及编号；4—隐伏断裂及编号；5—铜矿床；6—矿田边界；7—泥盆系—石炭系；8—构造单元

Figure 7. Simplified geological and structural map of the Almalyk copper ore field (Xue et al., 2013)

1–granodiorite porphyry; 2–geological boundary; 3–fault and its number; 4– concealed fault and its number; 5–copper deposit; 6–boundary of the ore field; 7–Devonian–Carboniferous strata; 8–tectonic unit

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图 8 阿尔马雷克铜矿区位及外围地球化学组合异常图

a—乌兹别克斯坦示意图；b—阿尔马雷克外围地球化学组合异常图

Figure 8. Location of the Almalyk copper deposit and geochemical composite anomaly map of the surrounding area

(a) Simplified map of Uzbekistan; (b) Geochemical composite anomaly map of the periphery of the Almalyk copper deposit

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图 9 阿尔马雷克铜矿田矿床与伴生元素空间分布分布图

Figure 9. Distribution map of deposits and associated elements in the Almalyk copper ore field

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图 10 斑岩型铜矿成矿模式图（据Hedenquist and Lowenstern，1994修改）

Figure 10. Metallogenic model of porphyry copper deposits (modified after Hedenquist and Lowenstern, 1994)

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表 1 穆龙套金矿地球化学找矿标志表

Table 1. Geochemical exploration indicators for the Muruntau gold deposit

矿床	尺度	方法/介质	元素组合	异常特征	对应地质特征
穆龙套	区域	1∶100万区域化探，水系沉积物	Au、As、Sb、Hg、Pt、Pd	多元素套合性较好	别萨潘组碳质浊积复理石建造
穆龙套	矿田	地气、土壤微细粒活动态测量	Au、As、Sb、Hg	穆龙套Au、As 高值异常与已知矿点位置高度吻合，Amantau的Sb、Hg 异常更高	黄铁矿化、毒砂、石墨化等围岩蚀变和矿体

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表 2 阿尔马雷克斑岩型铜矿地球化学找矿标志表

Table 2. Geochemical exploration indicators for the Almalyk porphyry copper deposit

矿床	尺度	方法/介质	元素组合	异常特征	对应地质特征
阿尔马雷克	区域	1∶100 万区域化探，水系沉积物	Au、Cu、Mo、Pb、Zn	多元素套合	泥盆系安山岩、英安岩及火山碎屑岩
阿尔马雷克	矿田	土壤金属量测量	Au、Cu、Mo、Pb、Zn	以中心Mo异常、中环Cu-Au 异常、外环Pb-Zn异常	石英钾化蚀变带、石英–绢云母蚀变带、青磐岩化蚀变带和矿体

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表 3 阿尔马雷克铜金矿关键金属富集系数（部分数据引自Singer et al.，2008；申萍等，2015）

Table 3. Enrichment factors of key metals in the Almalyk Cu–Au deposit (some data from Singer et al., 2008; Shen et al., 2015)

元素	地壳丰度	异常富集系数	矿床边界品位	成矿富集系数	矿床金属资源量	矿床吨位指数
Au	1.0×10⁻⁹	7.89	0.37 g/t	370	2.25×10³t	2.25×10¹²
Ag	70×10⁻⁹	6.73
Cu	25×10⁻⁶	3.65	0.38%	152	2.4×10⁷t	9.6×10¹¹
Mo	1.1×10⁻⁶	2.63	0.0023%	20	1.4×10⁵t	1.27×10¹¹
Pb	14.8×10⁻⁶	5.265
Zn	65×10⁻⁶	2.046

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