Ecological restoration in Zoige: technical framework and application under the Shan–Shui Initiative in China
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摘要: 若尔盖高寒草原湿地面临湿地萎缩、草地沙化等严峻生态问题，威胁水源涵养、碳汇储存及生物多样性保育功能。文章聚焦若尔盖山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程，研究高寒生态功能区水源涵养地表–地下水循环演化特征与规律，通过系统调查、综合评价与科学分析，精准识别并诊断若尔盖地区核心地质环境与生态问题及其成因。据此构建了基于地质–生态系统演化的山水林田湖草沙一体化生态修复理论技术支持体系，建立了高海拔草原湿地生态问题识别诊断与全生命周期监测技术，形成了以若尔盖独特地质生态资源利用和价值提升为核心的“两山”理论转化实践应用模式。这项研究成果全面支撑服务高海拔草原湿地生态系统修复，为高寒湿地“山水林田湖草沙”系统治理提供了可复制的技术范式。Abstract:
Objective The alpine grassland wetlands of Zoige face serious ecological problems, including wetland shrinkage and grassland desertification, which threaten their functions in water conservation, carbon storage, and biodiversity conservation. Focusing on the integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts in Zoige, this study reveals the evolutionary characteristics and laws of surface water–groundwater cycles in alpine ecological functional zones. Methods Through systematic field investigations, comprehensive evaluation, and scientific analysis, this study accurately identifies and diagnoses key geological–environmental and ecological problems in Zoige and elucidates their underlying causes. Results A theoretical and technical support system for integrated ecological restoration based on geo-ecosystem evolution is established. Technologies for identifying and diagnosing ecological problems and conducting life-cycle monitoring in high-altitude grassland wetlands are developed. In addition, a practical model for translating the Two Mountains Theory into practice is established, with an emphasis on leveraging the unique geo-ecological resources of Zoige and enhancing their value. Conclusions The research results fully support the ecological restoration of high-altitude grassland wetland ecosystems, and provide replicable technical paradigms for the systematic governance of alpine wetlands. Significance This study provides a basis for developing the theoretical and technical framework for ecological restoration in high-altitude, cold grassland wetlands. -
图 1 研究区范围图（底图由ALOS PALSAR 12.5 m DEM数据生成；边界来源于自然资源部标准地图服务系统，图审号：GS(2019)1822号）
Figure 1. Location of the study area （The shaded-relief base map was generated from ALOS PALSAR 12.5 m DEM data; administrative boundaries were obtained from the Standard Map Service System of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China [Map Approval No.: GS(2019)1822]）
图 2 若尔盖地区区域构造格架（邓宾等，2013）
Figure 2. Regional tectonic framework of Zoige and sorrounding areas (Deng et al., 2013)
图 3 自然营力驱动下的生态退化过程
Figure 3. Ecological degradation driven by natural and hydrogeological evolution
图 4 地表–地下水疏干与沼泽退化演化关系图
Figure 4. Relationship between surface-water and groundwater drainage and marsh degradation
图 5 若尔盖区域主要生态问题–功能受损–地质生态演化关系图
Figure 5. Relationships among major ecological problems, functional impairment, and geological–ecological evolution in Zoige
图 6 生态环境问题识别评价与诊断技术体系
其中：S—斜率；n—时间序列的长度（年）；xj—第j年的生态系统指标观测值；xk—第k年的生态系统指标观测值；Z—趋势检验的标准化统计量；Var(S)为统计量S的方差
Figure 6. Technical framework for identifying, evaluating, and diagnosing ecological and environmental problems
S–slope statistic; n–length of the time series (years); xj–observed value of the ecosystem indicator in year j; xk–observed value of the ecosystem indicator in year k; Z–standardized test statistic; Var(S)–variance of S
图 7 2001—2020多年平均生态系统退化问题综合评价结果图
a—碳固定；b—生物多样性；c—土壤保持；d—水源涵养；e—湿地萎缩；f—草地退化
Figure 7. Comprehensive assessment of ecosystem degradation and ecosystem services based on mean annual values from 2001 to 2020
(a) Carbon fixation; (b) Biodiversity; (c) Soil conservation; (d) Water conservation; (e) Wetland shrinkage; (f) Grassland degradation
图 8 生态退化归因分析
DQSF—地表粗糙度；Rn—净辐射；Tem—温度；DEM—高程；pet—潜在蒸散发；pre—降雨；CO2—二氧化碳浓度；GDP—地区生产总值；Dryness—干燥度；SM—土壤湿度；pop—人口；Wind—风速；NTL—夜间灯光；Median—中位数；Threshold—阈值
Figure 8. Attribution analysis of ecological degradation
DQSF–surface roughness; Rn–net radiation; Tem–temperature; DEM–elevation; pet–potential evapotranspiration; pre–precipitation; CO2–carbon dioxide concentration; GDP–gross domestic product; Dryness–dryness; SM–soil moisture; pop–soil moisture; Wind–wind speed; NTL–nighttime light
图 9 生命共同体地质生态演化与保护修复机理图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the geological–ecological evolution and the protection/restoration mechanisms in the biotic community
图 10 功能–受损破坏–修复还原演化图
Figure 10. Evolution of ecosystem functions, degradation, and restoration
图 11 若尔盖山水工程修复理论支撑与实施路径技术体系框架
Figure 11. Theoretical and technical framework for ecological restoration and implementation pathways of the Zoige Shan–Shui Project
图 12 若尔盖山水工程修复实施技术体系构建图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the technical framework for the implementation of the Zoige Shan–Shui Project
图 13 若尔盖山水工程生态修复分区评价图及工程布局图
a—分区评价图；b—保护和修复工程部署图
Figure 13. Ecological restoration zoning assessment and project layout for the Zoige Shan–Shui Project
(a) Zoning assessment map; (b) Layout of protection and restoration projects
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