Seismic technology and its application to ultra-deep oil and gas in the platform area of the Tarim Basin
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摘要: 塔里木盆地台盆区超深层（>6000 m）碳酸盐岩油气资源潜力巨大，高效勘探开发面临主力烃源岩厚度预测、走滑断裂分布刻画、超深优质储层预测和超深油气检测4项核心需求，但因储层埋藏深、非均质性强，地表大沙漠激发接收条件差、吸收衰减严重，地下侵入岩分布复杂等问题，导致超深层地震资料信噪比和分辨率低、成像精度差、储层预测困难。文章旨在系统构建台盆区碳酸盐岩超深油气地震技术体系，突破上述技术瓶颈。针对上述挑战，系统构建了4项核心地震技术：增能降噪技术，由虚反射聚能激发、小面积方阵组合接收、曲波域弱信号增强和逆散射级数法层间多次波压制构成；保真拓频技术，由高速层激发、低频检波器接收和基于记录子波的一致性校正构成；聚集归位技术，由三维宽方位高密度小面元长排列地震采集、含火山岩等侵入体的精细偏移速度建模、品质因子Q场精细建模和Q补偿逆时偏移构成；地震解耦映射技术，由走滑断裂体系地震解耦映射、烃源岩厚度地震解耦映射、超深储层特征地震解耦映射和超深流体性质地震解耦映射构成。该技术体系在塔北坳陷的实际应用中成效显著：超深走滑断裂由“弱反射”变为“清晰可辨”，断裂识别率大幅提升；主力烃源岩（下寒武统玉尔吐斯组）厚度预测精度误差控制在±10 m以内；超深碳酸盐岩优质储层预测吻合率达到85%以上；超深层油气检测准确率超过80%。由此，在塔北坳陷发现并高效探明了富满超深大油气田，建成年产上百万吨的超深油气生产基地。Abstract:
Objective The platform area of the Tarim Basin has enormous potential for ultra-deep (>6,000 m) carbonate hydrocarbon resources. Efficient exploration and development of these resources require breakthroughs in four key areas: prediction of the thickness of major source rocks, characterization of the distribution of strike-slip faults, prediction of high-quality ultra-deep reservoirs, and detection of ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulations. However, the great burial depths and strong heterogeneity of the reservoirs, poor seismic source and receiver conditions in extensive desert terrain, severe seismic attenuation, and complex distributions of subsurface igneous intrusions result in low signal-to-noise ratios, poor resolution, and limited imaging accuracy of ultra-deep seismic data, hindering reliable reservoir prediction. This study aims to establish a systematic seismic technology framework for exploring ultra-deep carbonate hydrocarbons in the platform area and overcoming these key technical challenges. Methods Four core seismic technologies were developed to address these challenges. (1) Energy enhancement and noise attenuation technology, comprising source excitation using ghost-reflection focusing, combined reception using small-aperture square arrays, weak-signal enhancement in the curvelet domain, and interbed-multiple suppression using the inverse scattering series method. (2) Fidelity-preserving bandwidth extension technology, comprising high-velocity layer excitation, low-frequency geophone acquisition, and wavelet-based consistency correction using the recorded wavelet; (3) Energy focusing and accurate positioning technology, comprising 3D wide-azimuth, high-density, small-bin, long-offset seismic acquisition, refined migration-velocity modeling incorporating igneous intrusions such as volcanic rocks, detailed Q-field modeling, and Q-compensated reverse-time migration. (4) Seismic decoupling mapping technology, comprising seismic decoupling mapping of strike-slip fault systems, source-rock thickness, ultra-deep reservoir properties, and ultra-deep fluid properties. Results Application of this technology framework in the Tabei Depression yielded significant results. The ultra-deep strike-slip faults transformed from weak and indistinct reflections into clearly identifiable seismic features, substantially improving fault interpretation. The prediction error for the thickness of the major source rock, the Lower Cambrian Yu'ertusi Formation, has been constrained to within ±10 m. The coincidence rate of predicted high-quality ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs exceeds 85%; and the accuracy of ultra-deep hydrocarbon detection exceeds 80%. Conclusions These advances led to the discovery and efficient delineation of the Fuman ultra-deep giant oil and gas field in the Tabei Depression. Proven reserves reach the billion-ton level, and an ultra-deep oil and gas production base with an annual production capacity of approximately five million tons has been established. -
图 1 塔里木盆地构造单元与地层划分
a—构造单元图；b—综合地层柱状图
Figure 1. Tectonic units and stratigraphic division of the Tarim Basin
(a) Map of structural units; (b) Comprehensive stratigraphic column
图 2 潜水面虚反射传播示意图和潜水面下不同深度激发的地震信号雷克子波模拟分析
V1—第一层的地震波速度；V2—第二层的地震波速度；ρ1—第一层介质的密度；ρ2—第二层介质的密度；R0、R1和R2—地表、潜水面和地层反射界面；T—激发子波周期
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of seismic ghost reflection propagation at the water table and simulation analysis of Ricker wavelets for seismic signals excited at different depths below the water table
(a) Seismic ghost reflection propagation at water table; (b) Simulation analysis of Ricker wavelets for seismic signalsV1–seismic-wave velocity of the first layer; V2 – seismic-wave velocity of the second layer; ρ1 – density of the first layer; ρ2 – density of the second layer; R0, R1, and R2 –the ground surface, water table, and subsurface reflection interface, respectively; T–the period of the source wavelet
图 3 沙漠区井炮潜水面下3 m和9 m的虚反射聚能激发单炮和虚反射未聚能激发单炮地震记录对比
Figure 3. Comparison of single-shot seismic records generated by ghost-reflection-focusing and non-focusing excitation at 3 m and 9 m below the water table in the desert area
(a) Single-shot seismic record generated by ghost-reflection-focusing excitation using a downhole source in the desert area; (b) Single-shot seismic record generated by non-focusing excitation using a downhole source in the desert area
图 4 沙漠区单只检波器和小面积方阵组合检波器接收单炮分频20～40 Hz对比
单只为单只检波器；1串和2串均为小面积方阵组合检波器
Figure 4. Comparison of single-trace frequency division (20–40 Hz) records acquired by a single geophone and a small-area array of geophones in desert areas
Left: single geophone; middle (1 string) and right (2 strings): small-aperture square-array geophones.
图 5 弱信号增强前后CMP道集对比
Figure 5. Comparison of CMP gathers before and after weak-signal enhancement
(a) Original CMP gather; (b) CMP gather after weak-signal enhancement
图 6 弱信号增强前后叠加剖面对比
Figure 6. Comparison of stacked seismic sections before and after weak-signal enhancement
(a) Original stacked seismic section; (b) Stacked seismic section after weak-signal enhancement based on the Curvelet transform
图 7 果勒1井区1.5维叠前逆散射级数法层间多次波压制效果
a—压制前CMP道集；b—压制后CMP道集；c—压制前速度谱；d—压制后速度谱
Figure 7. Effectiveness of internal multiple suppression using the 1.5D prestack inverse scattering series method in the Guole 1 well area
(a) CMP gather before suppression; (b) CMP gather after suppression; (c) Velocity spectrum before suppression; (d) Velocity spectrum after suppression
图 8 果勒1井区叠前叠后逆散射级数法串联层间多次波压制深度偏移效果
Figure 8. Depth migration effect of cascaded internal multiple suppression using the prestack and poststack inverse scattering series method in the Guole 1 well area
(a) Before multiple suppression; (b) After multiple suppression
图 9 低降速层与高速层激发得到的单炮资料对比
Figure 9. Comparison of single-shot seismic records acquired by excitation in the low-velocity layer and the high-velocity layer (a) Single-shot seismic record excited in the low-velocity layer; (b) Single-shot record excited in the high-velocity layer; (c) Whole-shot energy plot; (d) Whole-shot frequency spectrum
图 10 10 Hz与5 Hz检波器幅频曲线对比
Figure 10. Comparison of amplitude–frequency curves between 10-Hz and 5-Hz geophones
图 11 10 Hz与5 Hz检波器组合接收的叠加剖面（4～6 Hz频带）对比
Figure 11. Comparison of stacked seismic sections (4–6 Hz frequency band) acquired using 10-Hz and 5-Hz geophone arrays
(a) Combination of six 10-Hz geophones; (b) Combination of six 5-Hz geophones
图 12 基于记录子波地表一致性补偿校正与常规方法的对比
a—地表一致性振幅补偿前；b—常规地表一致性振幅补偿后；c—基于记录子波地表一致性振幅补偿后
Figure 12. Comparison of the recorded-wavelet-based surface-consistent amplitude compensation correction with the conventional method
(a) Before surface-consistent amplitude compensation; (b) After conventional surface-consistent amplitude compensation; (c) After surface-consistent amplitude compensation based on the recorded wavelet
图 13 基于记录子波地表一致性反褶积与常规方法的对比
a—地表一致性反褶积前；b—常规地表一致性反褶积后；c—基于记录子波地表一致性反褶积后
Figure 13. Comparison of recorded-wavelet surface-consistent deconvolution with conventional method
(a) Before surface-consistent deconvolution; (b) After conventional surface-consistent deconvolution; (c) After surface-consistent deconvolution based on the recorded wavelet
图 14 常规窄方位低密度三维与长面元宽方位高密度三维采集效果对比
常规窄方位低密度三维炮道密度28.8万道/km2，覆盖次数180次，接收线距/炮线距400/500 m，面元尺寸25 m×25 m，接收参数20个面积组合；长面元宽方位高密度三维炮道密度176万道/km2，覆盖次数550次，接收线距/炮线距250/250 m，面元尺寸12.5 m×25 m，接收参数16个面积组合a—常规窄方位低密度三维CMP道集；b—长面元宽方位高密度三维CMP道集；c—常规窄方位低密度三维叠前深度偏移剖面；d—长面元宽方位高密度三维叠前深度偏移剖面
Figure 14. Comparison of acquisition effects between conventional narrow-azimuth low-density 3D and long-offset wide-azimuth high-density 3D acquisitions
(a) CMP gather from the conventional narrow-azimuth, low-density 3D seismic survey; (b) CMP gather from the long-bin, wide-azimuth, high-density 3D seismic survey; (c) Prestack depth-migrated section from the conventional narrow-azimuth, low-density 3D seismic survey; (d) Prestack depth-migrated section from the long-bin, wide-azimuth, high-density 3D seismic surveyConventional narrow-azimuth, low-density 3D seismic survey: trace density, 288,000 traces/km; fold, 180; receiver-line interval / source-line interval, 400/500 m; bin size, 25 m × 25 m; receiver parameters, 20 area arrays. Long-bin, wide-azimuth, high-density 3D seismic survey: trace density, 1,760,000 traces/km2; fold, 550; receiver-line interval / source-line interval, 250/250 m; bin size, 12.5 m × 25 m; receiver parameters, 16 area arrays.
图 15 阿满Ⅰ期多分辨率侵入岩速度模型融合
Figure 15. Fusion of multi-resolution velocity models for intrusive rocks in the Aman Phase I area
(a) Before application of facies-controlled modeling and multiresolution fusion technology; (b) After application of facies-controlled modeling and multiresolution fusion technology
图 16 阿满Ⅰ期二叠系火成岩精细建模偏移效果
蓝色标记范围内为二叠系火成岩
Figure 16. Migration effect of fine modeling for Permian igneous rocks in the Aman Phase I area
(a) Seismic profile without applying an integrated velocity field; (b) Seismic profile after applying an integrated velocity field The blue markers indicate Permian igneous rocks.
图 17 阿满I期VSP约束建模偏移效果
Figure 17. Migration effect of VSP-constrained modeling in the Aman Phase I area
(a) Seismic profile without applying small-scale grid tomographic inversion for migration velocity updating; (b) Seismic profile after applying small-scale grid tomographic inversion for migration velocity updating
图 19 跃满地区多井VSP硬约束反演效果
Figure 19. Multi-well VSP hard-constrained inversion results in the Yueman area
(a) Initial Q model; (b) Final Q model obtained using constrained inversion
图 20 常规Kirchhoff 叠前深度偏移与Q-RTM 成像结果对比
Figure 20. Comparison of conventional Kirchhoff prestack depth migration and Q-RTM imaging results
(a) Seismic profile obtained using conventional Kirchhoff prestack depth migration; (b) Seismic profile obtained using Q-RTM
图 21 塔北—塔中奥陶系灰岩顶面相干属性+主干走滑断裂叠合平面图
Figure 21. Plan view of the coherence attribute on the top of Ordovician limestone in the Tabei–Tazhong area, superimposed with major strike-slip faults
图 22 塔里木盆地下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩厚度预测图
Figure 22. Predicted thickness of source rocks in the Lower Cambrian Yurtus Formation in the Tarim Basin
图 23 塔里木盆地断缝体储层地震解耦映射技术流程
TO3t—奥陶系吐木休克组底部；TO3l—良里塔格组底；TO3s—桑塔木组底；TO2y—一间房组底
Figure 23. Technical framework for characterizing and predicting faulted-fractured reservoirs in the Tarim Basin
(a) Technical workflow; (b) Geological model; (c) Seismic data; (d) Heterogeneity characterization data; (e) Heterogeneous model; (f) Homogeneous model; (g) Impedance inversion resultTO3t represents the base of the Ordovician Tumuxiuke Formation; TO3l–base of the Lianglitag Formation; TO3s–base of the Sangtamu Formation; TO2y–base of the Yijianfang Formation
图 24 塔里木盆地中寒2井区超深白云岩储层预测图
Figure 24. Predicted distribution of ultra-deep dolomite reservoirs in the Zhonghan 2 well area, Tarim Basin
(a) Seismic profile of the dolomite reservoir; (b) Fracture characterization factor volume
图 25 塔里木盆地新垦9断裂破碎带频率衰减梯度流体识别结果
Figure 25. Results of fluid identification using the frequency attenuation gradient in the Xinken 9 fault fracture zone in the Tarim Basin
图 26 哈拉哈塘油田热普区块自适应MDI流体检测结果
Figure 26. Results of adaptive MDI fluid detection in the Repu Block of the Halahatang Oilfield
图 27 满深1三维区圈闭平面分布图与过井地震剖面
TO3t—奥陶系吐木休克组底部a—一间房组振幅变化率储层预测图；b—老地震资料过设计井地震剖面图；c—新地震资料过设计井地震剖面图
Figure 27. Plan view of the trap distribution in the Manshen 1 3D area
(a) Reservoir prediction map based on amplitude variation rate of the Yijianfang Formation; (b) Seismic profile through the well based on legacy seismic data; (c) Seismic profile through the well based on the newly acquired seismic dataTO3t represents the base of the Ordovician Tumuxiuke Formation.
图 28 富满油田奥陶系一间房组顶面相干属性平面图
Figure 28. Map of the coherence attribute on the top of the Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in the Fuman Oilfield
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