Research and application of a prospecting model for sedimentary manganese deposits in the Xialei–Longbang area, southwestern Guangxi
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摘要: 桂西南下雷−龙邦地区是中国重要的锰矿矿集区，目前面临沉积型锰矿赋存规律重构不清、有效勘查技术方法缺乏等难题。文章在分析成矿地质背景的基础上，对比研究了该矿集区典型矿床的地质特征、含锰岩系地球化学特征及多极化大地电磁测深法（MPMT）勘探试验结果。结果表明，研究区可划分为下雷−上映、龙邦−地州2个次级成锰盆地，其中下雷−上映成锰盆地发育钙质硅质岩、钙质硅质岩−硅质灰岩、硅质灰岩−泥质条带灰岩3种沉积微相，龙邦−地州成锰盆地仅发育硅质灰岩−泥质条带灰岩1种沉积微相；就成矿有利性而言，钙质硅质岩型最佳，钙质硅质岩−硅质灰岩型次之，硅质灰岩−泥质条带灰岩型最差。锰质富集中心分布于下雷−灵马同沉积断层西北侧约500～1000 m范围内；不同矿区（段）碳酸锰矿层厚度及Mn品位变化较大，以下雷矿区为中心向外，锰矿层呈现厚度减薄、Mn品位降低的趋势，且Ⅱ+Ⅲ矿层与Ⅰ矿层的厚度、品位总体具有正相关性。成矿流体主要为海底热液，成矿沉积环境为弱氧化—氧化环境。含锰岩系相对上、下围岩表现为低电阻率−高磁化率组合特征。通过上述研究，建立了桂西南下雷−龙邦地区泥盆系碳酸锰矿综合找矿模型，指出MPMT法和钻探工程组合方法在桂西南地区具有良好适用性，对沉积型锰矿的攻深找盲具有重要指导意义。Abstract:
Objective The Xialei–Longbang area in southwestern Guangxi hosts a critical manganese ore concentration district in China. Current exploration is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the occurrence patterns of sedimentary manganese deposits and a lack of a sound basis for selecting effective exploration methods. Methods Based on an analysis of the metallogenic geological settings, this study compares the geological characteristics of typical deposits and the geochemical characteristics of manganese-bearing rock series, and evaluates the results of exploration tests using the multi-polarization magnetotelluric (MPMT) method in the ore concentration district. Results The study area can be divided into two secondary manganese-forming basins, namely the Xialei–Shangying Basin and the Longbang–Dizhou Basin. Three sedimentary microfacies types are identified in the Xialei–Shangying manganese-forming basin: calcareous siliceous rock, calcareous siliceous rock–siliceous limestone, and siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone. Only the siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone microfacies occurs in the Longbang–Dizhou manganese-forming basin. Among these microfacies, the calcareous siliceous rock microfacies is the most favorable for mineralization, followed by the calcareous siliceous rock–siliceous limestone microfacies, whereas the siliceous limestone–argillaceous banded limestone microfacies is the least favorable. Centers of manganese enrichment are distributed within a zone approximately 500–1000 m northwest of the Xialei–Lingma synsedimentary fault. The thickness and Mn grades of rhodochrosite ore beds vary considerably among different mining areas (segments). Outward from the Xialei Mining Area, the manganese ore beds gradually thin and their Mn grades decrease. Moreover, the thickness and Mn grade of ore beds II+III generally show positive correlations with those of ore bed I. The ore-forming fluids were dominated by submarine hydrothermal fluids, and the sedimentary metallogenic environment was weakly oxidizing to oxidizing. Compared with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, the manganese-bearing rock series are characterized by a combination of low resistivity and high magnetic susceptibility. Conclusions Based on these results, a comprehensive prospecting model for Devonian rhodochrosite deposits was established and validated through exploration tests in the Xialei–Longbang area. The model captures the key ore-controlling factors and prospecting criteria of sedimentary manganese deposits in the region. Significance The combination of MPMT and drilling is applicable to sedimentary manganese exploration in southwestern Guangxi and provides important guidance for deep and concealed ore prospecting. -
图 1 桂西南晚泥盆世成锰沉积盆地构造−岩相古地理图（据茹廷锵等，1992；侯宗林等，1997修改）
a—研究区大地构造位置图；b—研究区晚泥盆世构造−岩相古地理图
Figure 1. Tectonic–lithofacies paleogeographic map of the Late Devonian manganese-forming sedimentary basin in southwestern Guangxi (modified from Ru et al., 1992; Hou et al., 1997)
(a) Tectonic location map of the study area; (b) Tectonic–lithofacies paleogeographic map of the study area
图 2 桂西南下雷−龙邦地区地质矿产图
Figure 2. Geological and mineral resources map of the Xialei–Longbang area, southwestern Guangxi
图 3 下雷矿区地质简图
a—下雷矿区Ⅱ+Ⅲ碳酸锰矿层锰米百分值等值线图；b—下雷矿区含锰岩系沉积柱状对比图
Figure 3. Geological sketch map of the Xialei mining area
(a) Contour map of manganese percentage-meter value of the Ⅱ+Ⅲ manganese carbonate ore beds in the Xialei mining area; (b) Stratigraphic correlation diagram of the manganese-bearing sequence in the Xialei mining area
图 4 研究区锰矿层剖面形态对比图
a—下雷矿区13号勘查线地质剖面图；b—湖润矿区内伏矿段48号勘查线地质剖面图；c—龙昌矿区12号勘查线地质剖面图
Figure 4. Comparison of manganese ore-bed geometries in the study area
(a) Geological cross-section along exploration line No.13, Xialei mining area; (b) Geological cross-section along exploration line No.48, Neifu ore block, Hurun mining area; (c) Geological cross-section along exploration line No.12, Longchang mining area
图 5 研究区碳酸锰矿层厚度和品位分布统计图
Figure 5. Thickness and grade distributions of manganese carbonate ore beds in the study area
图 6 下雷矿区锰矿石宏观特征及显微特征照片
a—豆（鲕）状碳酸锰矿石；b—条带状碳酸锰矿石；c—结核状碳酸锰矿石；d—发育蔷薇辉石网脉的块状碳酸锰矿石；e—菱锰矿呈不规则粒状与微细粒伊利石混杂交生（正交偏光）；f—蔷薇辉石呈不规则粒状（正交偏光）；g—褐锰矿（背散射BSE图像）；h—磁铁矿（背散射BSE图像）
Figure 6. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of manganese ores from the Xialei mining area
(a) Oolitic (pisolitic) manganese carbonate ore; (b) Banded manganese carbonate ore; (c) Tuberculous manganese carbonate ore; (d) Massive manganese carbonate ore with a rhodonite stockwork; (e) Rhodochrosite occurs in irregular granular form, intermingled with fine-grained illite (crossed micol); (f) Rhodonite occurs in irregular granular form (crossed nicol); (g) Braunite (backscattered electron, BSE image); (h) Magnetite (backscattered electron, BSE image)
图 7 龙邦矿区含锰岩系野外及锰矿石照片
a—钢灰色锰矿层与条带状硅质灰岩呈整合接触；b—条带状锰矿石；c—块状氧化锰矿石；d—豆（结核）状氧化锰矿石
Figure 7. Field photographs of the manganese-bearing rock series and manganese ores from the Longbang mining area
(a) Steel-gray manganese ore bed in conformable contact with banded siliceous limestone; (b) Banded manganese ore; (c) Massive oxidized manganese ore; (d) Nodular (tuberculous) oxidized manganese ore
图 8 研究区含锰岩系沉积柱状对比图
Figure 8. Stratigraphic correlation diagram of the manganese-bearing sequence in the study area
图 9 研究区碳酸锰矿石及围岩地球化学判别图
a—Ni/Co−U/Th判别图；b—V/(V+Ni)−V/Cr判别图
Figure 9. Geochemical discrimination diagrams of manganese carbonate ores and wall rocks in the study area
(a) Ni/Co versus U/Th discrimination diagram; (b) V/(V+Ni) versus V/Cr discrimination diagram
图 10 研究区锰矿石及围岩地球化学判别图
a—Mn–Fe–(Co+Ni+Cu)×10图解（底图引自Rona，1978）；b—Co–Ni–Zn图解
Figure 10. Geochemical discrimination diagrams for manganese ores and host rocks in the study area
(a) Mn–Fe–(Co+Ni+Cu)×10 diagram (base map from Rona, 1978); (b) Co–Ni–Zn diagram
图 11 研究区锰矿石logU−logTh直角图（底图引自Bostrom，1983）
RH—现代红海热卤水沉积区；EH—现代东太平洋热水沉积区；FH—古代热水铁锰沉积区；OS—远洋沉积区；MN—锰结核沉积区；AH—铝土矿区
Figure 11. logU−logTh plot of manganese ores in the study area (base map from Bostrom, 1983)
RH–modern Red Sea hot-brine sedimentary area; EH–modern East Pacific hydrothermal sedimentary area; FH–ancient hydrothermal Fe–Mn sedimentary area; OS–pelagic sedimentary area; MN–manganese nodule sedimentary area; AH–bauxite sedimentary area
图 12 桂西南地区泥盆系锰矿成矿模式图（据赵银强等，2026修改）
Figure 12. Metallogenic model of Devonian manganese deposits in southwestern Guangxi (modified from Zhao et al., 2026)
图 13 桂西南地区泥盆系碳酸锰矿综合找矿模型
Figure 13. Comprehensive prospecting model for Devonian manganese carbonate deposits in southwestern Guangxi
图 14 岜后锰矿区钻孔验证效果图
Figure 14. Borehole verification results in the Bahou manganese mining area
表 1 研究区锰矿物统计表
Table 1. Manganese mineral statistics for the study area
分类 矿物名称 龙邦−地州成锰盆地 湖润−把荷背斜西北翼 下雷−上映向斜 安宁 龙邦 龙昌 那敏 茶屯 巡屯 坡沟 内伏 下雷 咟所 菠萝岗 朴隆 达爱 兴湖 土湖 氧化物−氢氧化物类 拉锰矿 − − − − − − − − − − − − − + + 六方锰矿 + + + + ++ + − + ++ − + ++ − − − 水锰矿 − − − − − − − − + + + + − + + 锰钾矿 − − − − ++ + + + ++ − − + − − − 锰铁矿 − − − − + − − − + − − − − − − 黑锰矿 − + + − − − − − + − − − − − − 褐锰矿 ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + + − − + 水羟锰矿 + + + + ++ − − − ++ − ++ ++ + + + 硬锰矿 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ − +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ 软锰矿 +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ + +++ − +++ +++ +++ 碳酸盐类 锰方解石 +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ + ++ ++ ++ + +++ ++ +++ 钙菱锰矿 ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ + +++ − +++ + +++ − ++ 菱锰矿 ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ − ++ 硅酸盐类 蜡硅锰矿 − − − − + − − − − − − − − − − 锰铝榴石 − − − − + − − − + − − − − − − 锰铁叶蛇纹石 − − − − − + + − + − − − − − − 蔷薇辉石 − − − − ++ ++ ++ − +++ + − + + − + 注: “+++”代表主要，“++”代表次要，“+”代表少量，“−”代表未见 
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表 2 湖润锰矿区主要地质体电阻率、磁化率参数统计表
Table 2. Resistivity and magnetic susceptibility for major geological bodies in the Hurun manganese mining area
层位 岩性 标本块数 电阻率ρ/（Ω·m） 磁化率k/（×10−6SI） 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 上覆地层 石炭系巴平组（C1-2b） 生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩 10 428.6～1314.4 811.64 35～78 48.50 石炭系鹿寨组（C1lz） 硅质灰岩、硅质岩夹硅质泥岩 10 39.7～140.6 77.17 8～37 17.40 泥盆系五指山组三段+四段（D3w3+4） 硅质灰岩夹硅质岩 10 1659.4～4905.3 2763.95 5～27 13.80 平均 30 39.7～4905.3 1217.59 5～78 26.57 含锰岩系 泥盆系五指山组二段（D3w2） 钙质硅质岩夹碳酸锰矿 20 12.8～77.3 32.35 198～531 340.25 下伏地层 泥盆系五指山组一段（D3w1） 泥质条带灰岩、钙质泥岩 20 24.2～1068.6 343.02 8～180 70.60
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