The controls on the structural styles in the Wuyitage area, southwestern Tarim Basin: Insights from discrete-element numerical simulations
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摘要: 新生代印度−欧亚板块之间的碰撞和持续汇聚导致青藏高原隆升和扩展，并在其周缘形成了富含油气资源的环青藏高原盆山体系。褶皱−冲断带作为吸收挤压缩短量的重要构造单元，因其复杂的构造样式和变形演化历史一直是构造地质学研究的热点与难点。文章聚焦塔西南山前乌依塔格地区，结合已有研究揭示的差异构造样式、滑脱层和古隆起分布特征，运用离散元数值模拟方法，探讨多因素共同作用下的盆山耦合过程。研究结果显示：乌依塔格地区逆冲构造带具有显著的构造分段性，其几何结构受古近系膏盐层等区域性滑脱层控制。滑脱层厚度差异直接影响断层滑移效率与变形强度，当滑脱层厚度增大时，滑脱作用增强，上下地层构造解耦更为显著，更易发育向后陆方向的反向逆冲构造；当滑脱层厚度减小时，滑脱作用变弱，更易于沿先存基底断层发生构造变形。乌拉根等古隆起通过重构区域应力场与地层力学性质，主导了逆冲断层的发育。此次研究揭示了塔西南山前乌依塔格地区差异构造变形样式的主控机理，为深入理解该地区盆地−山脉协同演化及其潜在资源环境效应提供了重要的科学依据。Abstract:
Objective The collision and ongoing convergence between the Indian and the Eurasian plates have driven the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau and the formation of a mountain–basin system rich in oil and gas resources. Fold-and-thrust belts, as important structural units accommodating compressive shortening, have long been a focal and challenging topic in structural geology research due to their complex structural styles and deformation histories. This study focuses on the Wuyitage area in the foothill belt of the southwestern Tarim Basin, and synthesizes previous investigations on the lateral variations in structural styles, detachment layers, and paleo-uplift distribution. Methods Through the application of the discrete-element numerical simulation method, the coupled process between the basin and the mountain under the combined influence of multiple factors is explored. Results The thrust belt in the study area exhibits significant structural segmentation, with its geometry largely governed by regional detachment layers such as the Paleogene gypsum-salt layer. The thickness of the detachment layer directly influences fault slip efficiency and deformation intensity. A thicker detachment layer strengthens the detachment effect, promotes decoupling between the upper and lower strata, and facilitates the propagation of thrust structures toward the hinterland. In contrast, a thinner detachment layer weakens the detachment effect, making faulting more prone to occur along pre-existing basement faults. The presence of Ulagen and other paleo-uplifts have also played a dominant role in the development of thrust faults by reconstructing the regional stress field and the mechanical properties of the strata. Significance This study reveals the main controlling mechanism of the differential structural deformation styles in the Wuyitage area of the southern Tarim Basin, providing an important basis for better understanding the basin–range coupling and its potential resources and environmental effects in the study area. -
图 1 帕米尔东北缘−南天山对接带区域地质图（据Li et al.，2025修改）
Figure 1. Regional geological map of the junction between the northeastern Pamir and the southern Tian Shan (modified after Li et al., 2025)
图 2 地质剖面图
a—基底断层将上覆地层切割为多个断块（剖面位置见图1 A-A′；据杨少梅，2021修改）；b—基底断层呈叠瓦式构造，发育巨厚的新生代沉积（剖面位置见图1 B-B′；据杨少梅，2021修改）；c—数条基底断裂收敛于滑脱层内，上覆地层向后陆反冲作用强烈（剖面位置见图1 C-C′；据Li et al.，2019修改）
Figure 2. Geological cross-sections
(a) The strata are dissected into a series of fault blocks by basement faults (the section position is shown in Fig.1, line A–A′; modified after Yang, 2021). (b) Basement faults exhibit an imbricate pattern, accompanied by extremely thick Cenozoic sediments (the section position is shown in Fig.1, line B–B′; modified after Yang, 2021). (c) Several basement faults converge into the décollement layer, and the overlying strata are marked by intense back-thrusting towards the hinterland (the section position is shown in Fig.1, line C–C′; modified after Li et al., 2019)
图 3 区域地层柱状图（据Li et al.，2025修改）
Figure 3. Stratigraphic column of the study area (modified after Li et al., 2025)
图 5 不同滑脱层厚度的模拟实验结果图
a—实验1：古近系滑脱层厚600 m，上覆地层向后陆发生明显反冲变形；b—实验2：古近系滑脱层厚400 m，上覆层不仅发育反冲构造，而且基底先存断层突破至地表；c—实验3：古近系滑脱层厚200 m，模型上下地层呈现出明显的整体变形特征
Figure 5. Simulation results of the models with different décollement layer thicknesses
(a) Experiment 1: A 600-m-thick Paleogene décollement layer, with the overlying strata exhibiting prominent back-thrusting toward the hinterland; (b) Experiment 2: A 400-m-thick Paleogene décollement layer, with the overlying strata characterized by back-thrust structures, and with pre‑existing basement faults breaking through to the surface; (c) Experiment 3: A 200-m-thick Paleogene décollement layer, with the upper and lower strata showing consistent deformation characteristics
图 6 实验4模拟实验结果图
无古隆起时，模型发育指向后陆方向的反冲构造，但并未出现实验1中的前冲断层F5
Figure 6. Simulation results of Model 4
In the absence of a paleo-uplift, the model develops a backthrust structure oriented towards the hinterland, yet the F5 forethrust fault observed in Experiment 1 does not emerge.
图 7 滑脱层厚度与古隆起模拟实验典型时刻对比图
a—滑脱层厚600 m，上覆盖层变形明显受到反冲构造控制，存在前冲断层F5；b—滑脱层厚400 m，上覆层发育后陆方向反冲构造，基底先存断层部分突破至地表；c—滑脱层厚200 m，基底断裂均突破至地表；d—无古隆起，滑脱层厚600 m，总体构造样式与图7a类似，但未形成前冲断裂F5
Figure 7. Comparison of detachment thickness and paleo-uplift at typical modelling time steps
(a) When the décollement layer thickness is 600 m, the deformation in the overlying strata is mainly characterized by back-thrust structures, and the frontal-thrust F5 develops; (b) When the décollement layer thickness is 400 m, the overlying strata develop back-thrust structures towards the hinterland, and pre‑existing basement faults also penetrate to the surface; (c) When the décollement layer thickness is 200 m, all basement faults penetrate the surface; (d) When there is no paleo-uplift and the décollement layer thickness is 600 m, the overall structural style resembles that in Fig.7a, but the frontal thrust F5 is absent
表 1 离散元实验模型的参数设置
Table 1. Parameter settings for the discrete-element experimental models
模拟地层 密度/
kg/m3摩擦系数 杨氏模
量/Pa剪切模
量/Pa抗拉强
度/Pa剪切强
度/Pa能干层T1 2500 0.3 2.0×108 2.0×108 1.0×107 2.0×107 能干层T2 2.0×107 4.0×107 塑性层 2200 0.0 — — — — 
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