Permian–Triassic reservoir characteristics and controls on their differences in the Pen-1 West Sag, Junggar Basin
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摘要: 盆1井西凹陷是准噶尔盆地腹部重要的油气勘探接替区，然而针对其深层—超深层二叠系—三叠系储层特征及发育机理的系统研究仍相对薄弱。综合利用岩芯、测井、分析测试及地震资料，系统研究该凹陷二叠系—三叠系储层的岩石学、物性、孔隙结构及成岩演化特征，揭示其储层品质差异的主控因素。研究结果表明，该区储层以岩屑砂岩为主，火山岩岩屑含量平均达80%以上，其中中基性喷出岩岩屑占主导。储层物性纵向上差异显著，克拉玛依组和百口泉组物性最佳，孔隙度主要分布在5%～13%，渗透率多集中于0.1×10−3～10.0×10−3 μm2，属于相对优质储层；而上乌尔禾组和下乌尔禾组物性较差。储层孔隙以次生孔隙为主，其中沸石胶结物溶蚀孔和火山岩岩屑粒内溶孔最为发育。统计显示，百口泉组和上乌尔禾组次生孔隙占总孔隙的比例普遍超过70%；而克拉玛依组次生孔隙占比为40%~60%，残余原生粒间孔仍占重要地位。储层物性的差异性主要受源区性质、岩性（粒度）差异、成岩改造（包壳发育、沸石胶结与溶蚀、黏土矿物充填）、火山岩岩屑组分以及温压场条件等多因素联合控制。基于成岩演化序列分析以及储层孔隙类型占比差异，提出了原生孔隙保存型（以克拉玛依组为代表）和次生孔隙主导型（以百口泉组和上乌尔禾组为代表）2类储层物性演化模式。该认识为盆1井西凹陷及类似地质条件下深层碎屑岩储层的预测与评价提供了重要依据。Abstract:
Objective The Pen-1 West Sag is an important area for future hydrocarbon exploration in the hinterland of the Junggar Basin. However, systematic studies on the characteristics and development mechanisms of its deep to ultra-deep Permian–Triassic reservoirs remain limited. Methods Core, well-log, analytical, and seismic data were integrated to systematically investigate the petrological characteristics, reservoir properties, pore structures, and diagenetic evolution of the Permian–Triassic reservoirs in the Pen-1 West Sag and to identify the main factors controlling differences in reservoir quality. Results The reservoirs are predominantly lithic sandstones, with volcanic lithic fragments accounting for more than 80% on average; intermediate to mafic volcanic rock fragments dominate. Reservoir properties show significant vertical variations. The Karamay and Baikouquan Formations exhibit the best reservoir properties, with porosities mainly ranging from 5% to 13% and permeabilities mostly in the range of 0.1×10−3–10.0×10−3 mD, indicating relatively high-quality reservoirs. In contrast, the Upper and Lower Urho Formations have poorer reservoir properties. Secondary pores dominate the reservoir pore system, with dissolution pores within zeolite cements and intragranular dissolution pores within volcanic lithic fragments being the most abundant secondary pore types. Secondary pores account for more than 70% of the total pore space in the Baikouquan and Upper Urho Formations, whereas they account for 40%–60% in the Karamay Formation, where residual primary intergranular pores remain important. Conclusions Reservoir property differences are jointly controlled by multiple factors, including provenance characteristics, lithology and grain size, diagenetic alteration (grain-coating development, zeolite cementation and dissolution, and clay-mineral filling), the composition of volcanic lithic fragments, and temperature and pressure conditions. Based on the diagenetic evolution sequence and variations in the proportions of pore types, two reservoir property evolution models are proposed: a primary-pore-preservation type, represented by the Karamay Formation, and a secondary-pore-dominated type, represented by the Baikouquan and Upper Urho Formations. Significance These findings provide an important basis for predicting and evaluating deep clastic reservoirs in the Pen-1 West Sag and in other areas with similar geological conditions. -
图 1 准噶尔盆地构造单元分布图（据王小军等，2021）
Figure 1. Distribution of tectonic units in the Junggar Basin (Wang et al., 2021)
图 2 准噶尔盆地二叠纪—三叠纪沉积与地层柱状图（据王家林等，2016修改）
Figure 2. Sedimentary and stratigraphic column of the Permian–Triassic in the Junggar Basin (modified after Wang et al., 2016)
图 3 盆1井西凹陷沙15井二叠—三叠系储层砂岩含量统计
Q—石英；F—长石；L—岩屑a—颗粒组分含量三角图；b—岩屑组分含量直方统计
Figure 3. Composition of Permian–Triassic reservoir sandstones in Well Sha-15, Pen-1 West Sag (a) Ternary diagram of grain components; (b) Histogram showing the proportions of different lithic fragments Q–quartz; F–feldspar; L–lithic fragments
图 4 盆1井西凹陷沙15井二叠—三叠系火山岩岩屑砂岩储层微观特征
a—喷出岩岩屑整体镜下照片；b—喷出岩岩屑内部放大照片； c—绿泥石包壳以及黏土矿物充填特征； d—沸石胶结于颗粒之间；e—微裂缝发育在沸石胶结之中； f—方解石胶结镜下特征
Figure 4. Microscopic characteristics of the Permian–Triassic volcanic lithic sandstone reservoirs in Well Sha-15, Pen-1 West Sag （a）Overview photomicrograph of an extrusive volcanic rock fragment; （b）Enlarged view of the interior of the volcanic rock fragment; （c）Chlorite coatings and clay-mineral infilling; （d）Zeolite cement between grains; （e）Microfractures developed within the zeolite cement; （f）Photomicrograph of calcite cement
图 5 盆1井西凹陷沙15井二叠系—三叠系火山岩岩屑砂岩储层物性及孔隙特征随深度的纵向变化
a—孔隙度；b—渗透率；c—面孔率；d—次生孔占比
Figure 5. Vertical variations in reservoir properties and pore characteristics with depth in the Permian–Triassic volcanic lithic sandstone reservoirs of Well Sha-15, Pen-1 West Sag (a) Porosity; (b) Permeability; (c) Areal porosity; (d) Proportion of secondary pores
图 6 准噶尔盆地二叠—三叠系物源分布及平面沉积相展布特征
Figure 6. Provenance distribution and spatial distribution of Permian–Triassic sedimentary facies in the Junggar Basin
图 7 玛东1井—征10井联井辫状河三角洲综合展布（剖面位置见图6）
Figure 7. Integrated cross-well profile of the braided river delta between Wells Madong-1 and Zheng-10 (profile location shown in Fig. 6)
图 8 碎屑颗粒粒度分布及砂体厚度直方图
a—碎屑颗粒粒度分布；b—砂体厚度直方图
Figure 8. Grain-size distribution of detrital particles and sand-body thickness (a) Grain-size distribution of detrital particles; (b) Histogram of sand-body thickness
图 9 沙湾凹陷征10井与阜康凹陷董17井二叠—三叠系浊沸石和岩屑颗粒溶蚀孔面孔率与孔隙充填黏土矿物直方统计
a—浊沸石与岩屑颗粒溶蚀面孔率；b—孔隙充填黏土占比
Figure 9. Histograms of areal porosity associated with the dissolution of zeolite and lithic particles and the proportion of clay-mineral filling in pores in the Permian–Triassic strata of Well Zheng-10 in the Shawan Sag and Well Dong-17 in the Fukang Sag
(a) Areal porosity associated with the dissolution of zeolite and lithic particles; (b) Proportion of clay-mineral filling in pores
图 10 准噶尔盆地腹部不同火山岩岩屑颗粒蚀变成岩改造模式
Figure 10. Diagenetic alteration patterns of different volcanic rock fragments in the central Junggar Basin
图 11 准噶尔盆地腹部古地温梯度变化
Figure 11. Variation in paleogeothermal gradients in the central Junggar Basin
图 12 准噶尔盆地腹部上乌尔禾组不同凹陷剩余压力变化
a—沙湾凹陷征10井；b—盆1井西凹陷沙15井
Figure 12. Variation in residual pressure in the Upper Urho Formation (P3w) across different sags in the central Junggar Basin
(a) Well Zheng-10 in the Shawan Sag; (b) Well Sha-15 in the Pen-1 West Sag
图 13 准噶尔盆地二叠系—三叠系盆1井西凹陷物性演化模式
a—沙15井克拉玛依组；b—征10井百口泉组；c—沙15井上乌尔禾组
Figure 13. Reservoir property evolution patterns of the Permian–Triassic reservoirs in the Junggar Basin
(a) Karamay Formation in Well Sha-15, Pen-1 West Sag; (b) Baikouquan Formation in Well Zheng-10, Shawan Sag; (c) Upper Urho Formation in Well Sha-15, Pen-1 West Sag
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