Advances in tectonic physical analog modeling under hypergravity
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摘要: 构造物理模拟是实验室重现地质构造演化的有效手段，但常重力实验存在应力水平与自然原型偏差较大的局限。超重力技术为解决这一问题提供了新路径，已成为探究深部及大时空尺度地球变形的前沿方向。文章系统梳理了超重力构造物理模拟的研究进展，总结了国内外小型实验室离心机与大型悬臂式离心机等实验装置的特点及应用，分析了无动力与动力驱动装置的适配场景，阐述了韧性、脆性及完整地壳剖面模拟材料体系的应用逻辑，并介绍了表面变形观测与内部结构探测的关键技术。通过挤压构造、伸展构造、底辟及俯冲等多类构造的模拟实验分析，揭示了超重力在放大密度差驱动效应、加速构造变形、提升模拟相似性等方面的独特优势，明确了超重力对构造变形样式、传递过程的影响规律。同时利用适配浙江大学 ZJU400 大型悬臂式离心机的超重力构造物理模拟实验箱，进行了相关实验研究。该研究为超重力构造物理模拟的方法创新和理论发展提供了系统参考，并对推动构造地质学向定量化、多学科交叉方向演进具有积极意义。Abstract:
Objective Physical analog modeling is an effective laboratory method for reconstructing geological structure evolution, yet conventional normal-gravity experiments face limitations due to significant deviations in stress levels compared to natural prototypes. Hypergravity technology offers a novel pathway to address this issue and has emerged as a frontier approach for investigating deep and large-scale spatio-temporal scale Earth deformation. Methods This paper systematically reviews the research progress of hypergravity tectonic physical analog modeling, summarizes the characteristics and applications of experimental devices including small laboratory centrifuges and cantilever centrifuges used worldwide, analyzes the suitability of non-powered and powered driving systems, elaborates on the application principles of analog material systems for ductile, brittle, and complete crustal profiles, and introduces key techniques for surface deformation observation and internal structure detection. Conclusions Through the analysis of analog experiments simulating compressional structures, extensional structures, diapirs, and subduction, the unique advantages of hypergravity in amplifying density-driven effects, accelerating tectonic deformation, and improving simulation similarity are revealed, with specific patterns of its influence on structural styles and propagation processes clarified. During the research, the authors also developed a hypergravity physical analog modeling experimental chamber compatible with the Zhejiang University ZJU400 centrifuge and conducted related experimental studies. Significance This research provides a systematic reference for methodological innovation and theoretical development in hypergravity physical analog modeling, and holds positive significance for advancing structural geology toward quantification and interdisciplinary integration. -
图 1 超重力效应概念图（据Chen et al.，2022修改）
g—等效重力加速度；σ—应力
Figure 1. Conceptual diagram of hypergravity effects (modified from Chen et al., 2022)
g—equivalent gravitational acceleration; σ—stress
图 2 用于超重力构造物理模拟的小型实验室离心机设备
a—加拿大女王大学使用的离心机（据Dixon and Summers，1985修改）；b—加拿大国家科学研究院水、地质、环境研究中心（INRS-ETE）使用的离心机（据Harris et al.，2012修改）；c—意大利佛罗伦萨大学地球科学系（UNIFI-DST）和意大利国家研究委员会地球科学与地球资源研究所（CNR-IGG）的构造建模实验室（TOOLab）使用的离心机（据Zwaan et al.，2020a修改）
Figure 2. Small laboratory centrifuges for hypergravity tectonic analog modeling
(a) Centrifuge at Queen's University, Canada (modified from Dixon and Summers, 1985); (b) Centrifuge at the l’Institut national de la recherche scientifique—Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), Canada (modified from Harris et al., 2012); (c) Centrifuge at the Tectonic Modeling Laboratory (TOOLab), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Italy (UNIFI-DST) and the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IGG; modified from Zwaan et al., 2020)
图 3 悬臂式土工离心机实验原理（以浙江大学ZJU400离心机为例）
a—静止状态；b—高速旋转状态
Figure 3. Principle of cantilever geotechnical centrifuge experiment (taking the ZJU400 centrifuge at Zhejiang University as an example)
(a) Stationary state; (b) High-speed rotation state
图 4 用于超重力构造物理模拟的悬臂式离心机实验设备
a—加拿大C-CORE机构Accutronic 680-2离心机（据Noble and Dixon，2011修改）；b—浙江大学ZJU400离心机；c—南京大学构造物理模拟专用离心机
Figure 4. Cantilever centrifuges for hypergravity tectonic analog modeling
(a) Accutronic 680-2 centrifuge at C-CORE, Canada (modified from Noble and Dixon, 2011); (b) ZJU400 centrifuge at Zhejiang University; (c) Dedicated centrifuge for tectonic analog modeling at Nanjing University
图 5 无动力驱动的超重力实验装置
a—通过坍塌楔垮塌推动挡板活动的挤压缩短装置（据Santolaria et al.，2022修改）；b—通过移除两侧间隔板实现拉张的伸展实验装置（据Zwaan et al.，2020a修改）
Figure 5. Non-powered hypergravity experimental devices
(a) Experimental device for compressional deformation by collapsing wedge (modified from Santolaria et al., 2022); (b) Experimental device for extensional deformation by removing two sets of spacers (modified from Zwaan et al., 2020)
图 6 Mulugeta（1988）研制的离心力驱动液压装置
a——实验装置原理示意；b——实验箱照片
Figure 6. Centrifugal force-driven hydraulic device developed by Mulugeta (1988)
(a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup; (b) Photograph of the experimental box
图 7 Dietl et al.（2006）研制的剪切与底辟协同作用的超重力实验装置
a—剪切实验装置；b—结合剪切和底辟变形的超重力实验结果
Figure 7. Hypergravity experimental device for the synergistic effects of shear and diapirism developed by Dietl et al. (2006)
(a) Shear experimental device; (b) Experimental results of hypergravity modeling combining shear and diapiric deformation
图 8 动力驱动的超重力实验装置
a—Peltzer（1988）研制的实验箱照片；b—由浙江大学与南京大学合作研制的实验箱照片；c—Noble and Dixon（2011）研制的实验箱驱动原理示意
Figure 8. Power-driven hypergravity experimental devices
(a) Photograph of the experimental box developed by Peltzer (1988); (b) Photograph of the experimental box co-developed by Zhejiang University and Nanjing University; (c) Schematic diagram of the driving principle of the experimental box developed by Noble and Dixon (2011)
图 9 超重力模型的地壳剖面模拟材料体系（据Waffle et al.，2016修改）
Figure 9. Analog material system for a crustal cross section in hypergravity models (modified from Waffle et al., 2016; The Columns show, form left to right: a photograph of a generic multilayer experimental model, a schematic section of the actual model, the approximate depth, crustal layer, and relative competence of each section, the analog materials, and the corresponding prototype rock types.)
图 10 均匀脆性模型与含滑脱层模型的常重力−超重力实验结果对比
Figure 10. Comparison of experimental results under normal gravity and hypergravity conditions for homogeneous brittle models and models containing a detachment layer
(a) Comparison of results under normal gravity and 800-g hypergravity (modified from Mulugeta, 1988); (b) Comparison of results under normal gravity and 18-g hypergravity (modified from Milazzo et al., 2021); (c) Comparison of results under normal gravity and 25-g and 50-g hypergravity (modified from Guan, 2026)
图 11 常重力与超重力条件下印度−亚洲板块碰撞引发青藏高原侧向挤出模型实验对比（据Peltzer，1988；Peltzer and Tapponnier，1988修改）
a—常重力实验设置及结果（a1—常重力实验箱；a2—常重力实验设置；a3—常重力实验结果，最终形成F1和F2这2条主要的走滑断层）；b—超重力实验设置及结果（b1—超重力实验箱；b2—超重力实验设置；b3—超重力实验结果，最终形成F1、F2和F3这3条主要的走滑断层）
Figure 11. Comparison of normal-gravity and hypergravity experiments modeling the lateral extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau induced by the Indo-Asia collision (modified from Peltzer, 1988; Peltzer and Tapponnier, 1988)
(a) Experimental settings and results under normal gravity: (a1) Normal-gravity experimental box; (a2) Normal-gravity experimental setup; (a3) Normal-gravity experimental results, with two major strike-slip faults formed; (b) Experimental settings and results under hypergravity: (b1) Hypergravity experimental box; (b2) Hypergravity experimental setup; (b3) Hypergravity experimental results, with three major strike-slip faults formed (F1, F2, and F3)
图 12 不同偏移角度下拉分盆地的地表断层模式、地表沉降量以及岩石圈减薄模式（据Corti and Dooley，2015修改）
红色线条代表断层，黑色箭头指示主要断层活动方向a—偏移角为45°；b—偏移角为90°；c—偏移角为135°
Figure 12. Surface fault patterns, amount of subsidence, and lithospheric thinning patterns in pull-apart basins at different offset angles (modified from Corti and Dooley, 2015)
(a) Offset angle = 45°; (b) Offset angle = 90°; (c) Offset angle = 135°Red lines denote faults; black arrows indicate the main movement directions of the faults.
图 13 离心机超重力底辟实验
σ1—最大主应力；σ3—最小主应力
Figure 13. Centrifuge hypergravity diapir experiments
(a) Experimental results of the first stage of a multi-stage diapir model (modified from Dietl and Koyi, 2002); (b) Experimental results of the second stage of a multi-stage diapir model (modified from Dietl and Koyi, 2002); (c) Experimental results of diapirs with different viscosities (modified from Dietl and Koyi, 2011); (d) Setups and results of experiments on the synergistic effects of shearing and diapirism with pre-existing fractures (modified from Dietl et al., 2006) σ1 and σ3 denote the maximum and minimum principal stresses, respectively.
图 14 离心力驱动的岩石圈俯冲实验（据Mart et al.，2005修改）
图a1、图b1中的数字为材料的密度，单位为103 kg m−3
Figure 14. Centrifuge-driven lithospheric subduction experiments (modified from Mart et al., 2005)
(a) Subduction experiments with a two-layer model; (b) Subduction experiments with a three-layer model The numbers in panels a1 and b1 represent the densities of the layers, in units of 103 kg m−3.
表 1 用于构造物理模拟的悬臂式离心机
Table 1. Cantilever geotechnical centrifuges used for physical analog modeling
序号 离心机 所属单位 旋转半径 吊篮有效容积 最大实验g值 实际实验g值 实验模型尺寸 1 Acutronic 法国南特中央理工大学 5.5 m 1.4 m×1.15 m×1.5 m 200g 80g（Peltzer，1988） 90 cm×80 cm×11 cm 2 Accutronic 680-2 加拿大C-CORE机构 5.5 m 1.1 m×1.4 m×1.1 m 200g 160g（Noble and Dixon，2011） 100 cm×10 cm×10 cm 3 ZJU400 浙江大学 4.5 m 1.5 m×1.2 m×1.5 m 150g 50g（Guan et al.，2025） 60 cm×40 cm×2.5 cm 80g（管涛，2026） 60 cm×40 cm×3.5 cm 4 构造模拟专用离心机 南京大学 1.25 m 0.4 m×0.4 m×0.35 m 1050g 100g～300g 30 cm×19 cm×12 cm 300g～1000g 28 cm×19 cm×10 cm 
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表 2 不同类型离心机开展的超重力实验
Table 2. Hypergravity tectonic analog modeling using different types of centrifuges
离心机 实验单位 模型尺寸/长×宽×高 实验g值 实验类型 驱动装置 参考文献 小型离心机 加拿大女王大学 12.7 cm×7.6 cm×5.1 cm 2000g、3000g、4000g 挤压 坍塌楔 Dixon and Summers，1985 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 18 cm×20 cm×10 cm 800g 挤压 离心力液压 Mulugeta，1988 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 9 cm×7.5 cm×1.9 cm 200g 伸展 橡皮泥控制两侧间隔 Bonini et al.，2001 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 厘米级 700g 底辟 Dietl and Koyi，2002 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 7 cm×7 cm×1.9 cm 200g 伸展 橡皮泥控制两侧间隔 Corti et al.，2002 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 厘米级 900g～1000g 伸展 移除间隔板 Harris and Koyi，2003 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 厘米级 500g 俯冲 Mart et al.，2005 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 10 cm×8 cm×10 cm 700g 底辟 剪切底辟协同 Dietl et al.，2006 小型离心机 INRS-ETE 17 cm×8 cm×（2～3） cm 900g、1100g 挤压 坍塌楔 Godin et al.，2011 小型离心机 Ramberg实验室 厘米级 700g 底辟 Dietl and Koyi，2011 小型离心机 INRS-ETE （17～20） cm×8 cm×（1.5～2.0） cm 1000g 挤压 坍塌楔 Harris et al.，2012 小型离心机 CNR-IGG 25 cm×16 cm×7 cm 18g 伸展 移除间隔板 Corti and Dooley，2015 小型离心机 加拿大女王大学 8.6 cm×7.6 cm×0.4 cm 4000g 挤压 坍塌楔 Faisal and Dixon，2015 小型离心机 INRS-ETE 20 cm×8 cm×5 cm 1000g 挤压 坍塌楔 Waffle et al.，2016 小型离心机 加拿大女王大学 12.7 cm×7.6 cm×5.1 cm 4000g 小型离心机 CNR-IGG 25 cm×15.8 cm×（2.8～4.2） cm 18g 伸展 移除间隔板 Zwaan et al.，2020a 小型离心机 CNR-IGG 15 cm×16 cm×（5～ 6） cm 18g 挤压 坍塌楔 Milazzo et al.，2021 小型离心机 INRS-ETE 16 cm×9 cm×（0.3～1.5） cm 898g 挤压 坍塌楔 Santolaria et al.，2022 小型离心机 CNR-IGG 25 cm×16 cm×3.5 cm 18g 拉张 移除间隔板 Zou et al.，2024 土工离心机 法国巴黎地球物理
研究所构造实验室90 cm×80 cm×11 cm 80g 挤压 电机驱动 Peltzer，1988 土工离心机 加拿大女王大学 100 cm×10 cm×10 cm 160g 挤压 电机驱动 Noble and Dixon，2011 土工离心机 浙江大学 60 cm×40 cm×2.5 cm 50g 挤压 电机驱动 Guan et al.，2025 INRS-ETE—加拿大国家科学研究院水、地质、环境研究中心；CNR-IGG—意大利国家研究委员会地球科学与地球资源研究所
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