Geomorphic features and tectonic responses in the Upper Yalong River basin
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摘要: 雅砻江上游地处巴颜喀拉块体东南缘，水系发达，区内北西向的大型活动断裂贯穿流域盆地。当前研究多聚焦于其断裂活动性、古地震事件及地震危险性评估，关于流域地貌特征及其构造变形响应方面的研究相对薄弱。文章基于30 m分辨率Copernicus数字高程模型（DEM）提取了雅砻江上游98个子流域，计算各子流域的面积−高程积分（HI）、流域形状指数（BS）、流域盆地不对称度（AF）、流域伸长比（Re）及标准化河流梯度指数平均值（SLKavg），通过量化与分级，集成为综合指标——相对构造活动强度（Iat），结合归一化河道陡峭指数（ksn）、河流裂点揭示流域地貌特征的空间分异规律，进而探讨构造活动与地貌演化之间的耦合关系。研究结果表明，雅砻江上游流域HI值介于0.09～0.63，部分子流域处于发育幼年期，流域几何形态呈现明显不对称，水系、冲沟与冲洪积扇发生左旋位错，SLKavg、ksn揭示若干子流域抬升强烈，河道纵向坡度变化显著；Iat表明构造活动性在空间上呈现强弱相间、弱域连通的分异格局，低值Iat子流域沿断裂呈条带状分布；五道梁−长沙贡玛断裂全新世活动段南北端Iat值较低，中段Iat值较高，可能与断裂分段局部的构造变形差异有关；甘孜−玉树断裂经过子流域Iat值也较低，对应块体边界的强活动性；各地貌指数对Iat影响强度大小依次为Re、HI、AF、SLKavg、BS。构造活动、地貌特征与地震活动在雅砻江上游地区表现出显著的一致性，表明构造动力对流域地貌的发育与演化具有主导控制作用。
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关键词:
- 雅砻江上游 /
- 巴颜喀拉块体 /
- 五道梁−长沙贡玛断裂 /
- 地貌指数 /
- 相对构造活动性
Abstract:Objective The Upper Yalong River basin, situated on the southeastern margin of the Bayan Har block, is characterized by a well-developed river system. Large-scale NW-trending active faults traverse this drainage basin, where tectonic activity constrains regional fluvial geomorphic development and evolution. Current research has predominantly focused on fault activity, paleoseismic events, and seismic hazard assessment, whereas studies addressing basin-scale geomorphic characteristics and their response to tectonic deformation remain relatively limited. Methods Based on a 30-meter-resolution Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 98 sub-basins were identified within the Upper Yalong River basin. Five geomorphic indices were calculated for each sub-basin: hypsometric integral (HI), basin shape index (BS), asymmetry factor (AF), elongation ratio (Re), and mean normalized stream gradient index (SLKavg). These indices were quantified, classified, and integrated into a composite indicator—the relative strength of tectonic activity (Iat). Furthermore, the normalized channel steepness index (ksn) and knickpoints were incorporated to reveal the spatial differentiation of fluvial geomorphic characteristics and to explore the coupling relationship between tectonic activity and landscape evolution. Results In the Upper Yalong River basin, HI values range from 0.09 to 0.63. Some sub-basins are in an early stage of development and exhibit significant asymmetry. Left-lateral offsets of waterways, gullies, and alluvial fans are observed. SLKavg and ksn indicate strong tectonic uplift in most basins, accompanied by significant longitudinal variations in channel slope. Spatially, the Iat displays a pattern of alternating high and low values, with interconnected low-activity zones. Basins with low Iat values are distributed in linear belts along fault zones. Along the Wudaoliang–Changshagongma fault, which crosses the upper basin, Iat values are lower in the northern and southern Holocene-active segments. In contrast, the middle segment intersecting the Changshagongma Basin shows higher Iat values, possibly related to localized variations in tectonic deformation along fault segments. Basins traversed by the Ganzi–Yushu fault also exhibit relatively low Iat values, corresponding to strong activity at the block boundary. The geomorphic indices affect Iat in the order: Re > HI > AF > SLKavg > BS. Conclusions The strong consistency among tectonic activity, geomorphic features, and seismic activity in the study area directly reflects the role of tectonic processes in shaping the regional landscape pattern. The spatial differentiation of Iat and geomorphic indices effectively captures differential tectonic uplift and deformation along fault zones, providing clear geomorphic evidence of ongoing tectonic dynamics on the southeastern margin of the Bayan Har block. -
图 1 雅砻江上游地质构造简图
a—雅砻江上游构造背景；b—雅砻江上游构造概况
Figure 1. Simplified geological structural map of the Upper Yalong River basin
(a) Regional tectonic overview of the Upper Yalong River basin; (b) Stratigraphic distribution and tectonic overview of the Upper Yalong River basin
图 2 雅砻江上游DEM特征
a—雅砻江上游流域地理位置；b—雅砻江上游流域DEM
Figure 2. DEM of the Upper Yalong River basin
(a) Location of the Upper Yalong River basin; (b) Digital elevation model (DEM) of the Upper Yalong River basin
图 8 标准化河流梯度指数平均值（SLKavg）分布图
Figure 8. Distribution of the mean normalized stream length gradient (SLKavg)
图 9 相对构造活动强度（Iat）分布图
Figure 9. Distribution of relative tectonic activity classes (Iat)
图 10 归一化河道陡峭指数 （ksn）分布图
Figure 10. Distribution of the normalized channel steepness index（ksn）
图 12 五道梁−长沙贡玛断裂活动行迹（据梁明剑等，2022修改）
a—32号子流域断裂构造地貌；b—42号子流域断裂构造地貌
Figure 12. Active traces of the Wudaoliang–Changshagongma fault (modified after Liang et al., 2022)
(a) Fault-controlled tectonic geomorphology of No. 32 sub-basin; (b) Fault-controlled tectonic geomorphology of No. 42 sub-basin
图 13 典型构造地貌特征（具体位置见图12；据梁明剑等，2022修改）
a—哈曲巴玛沟口西山前洪积扇的挤压脊与堰塞塘；b—哈曲尕玛沟口东山前洪积扇断层陡坎与槽谷；c—哈曲尕玛沟口东山前洪积扇左旋错断约29.1±2.4 m
Figure 13. Typical tectonic geomorphic features (see Fig. 12 for locations; modified after Liang et al., 2022)
(a) Compressional ridge and sag pond developed on the alluvial fan near the mouth of the Haqubama river; (b) Fault scarp and trough on the eastern piedmont alluvial fan at the mouth of the Haqugama gully; (c) The piedmont alluvial fan east of the mouth of the Haqugama river has been left‑laterally offset by approximately 29.1±2.4 m
图 14 断裂性质影响水系结构
a—甘孜−玉树断裂影响水系结构；b—五道梁−长沙贡玛断裂影响水系结构
Figure 14. Influence of fault properties on drainage structure
(a) Drainage structure controlled by the Ganzi–Yushu fault; (b) Drainage structure controlled by the Wudaoliang–Changshagongma fault
表 1 地貌指数分级示意表
Table 1. Classification of geomorphic indices
地貌指数分级及构造活动性程度 地貌指数分类方法 最终选取分类 El Hamdouni et al.，2008 Dehbozorgi et al.，2010 孙林龙等，2024 王阳等，2024 HI 第1级（强） HI>0.5 HI$\geqslant $0.5 HI>0.5 HI$\geqslant $0.46 HI>0.5 第2级（中） 0.4$\leqslant $HI$\leqslant $0.5 0.4$\leqslant $HI<0.5 0.4$\leqslant $HI$\leqslant $0.5 0.37$\leqslant $HI<0.46 0.4$\leqslant $HI$\leqslant $0.5 第3级（弱） HI<0.4 HI<0.4 HI<0.4 HI<0.37 HI<0.4 BS 第1级（强） BS$ \geqslant 4.0 $ BS$ \geqslant 4.0 $ BS>2.3 − BS>2.3 第2级（中） 3.0<BS<4.0 3.0<BS<4.0 1.5$\leqslant $BS$\leqslant $2.3 − 1.5$\leqslant $BS$\leqslant $2.3 第3级（弱） BS$ \leqslant 3.0 $ BS$ \leqslant 3.0 $ BS<1.5 − BS<1.5 $ AF $ 第1级（强） $ \left| AF-50\right| \geqslant 15 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| \geqslant 15 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| \geqslant 15 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| \geqslant 15 $ $ \left| AF—50\right| \geqslant 15 $ 第2级（中） $ 7 \leqslant \left| AF-50\right| <15 $ $ 7 \leqslant \left| AF-50\right| <15 $ $ 7 \leqslant \left| AF-50\right| <15 $ $ 7 \leqslant \left| AF-50\right| <15 $ $ 7 \leqslant \left| AF—50\right| <15 $ 第3级（弱） $ \left| AF-50\right| <7 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| <7 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| <7 $ $ \left| AF-50\right| <7 $ $ \left| AF—50\right| <7 $ $ Re $ 第1级（强） − − − $ Re<0.5 $ $ Re<0.5 $ 第2级（中） − − − $ 0.5 \leqslant Re<0.75 $ $ 0.5 \leqslant Re<0.75 $ 第3级（弱） − − − $ 0.75 \leqslant Re $ $ 0.75 \leqslant Re $ $ {SLK}_{\text{avg}} $ 第1级（强） − − $ {SLK}_{\text{avg}}\geqslant $3.7 − $ {SLK}_{\text{avg}}\geqslant $3.7 第2级（中） − − $ 2.5 \leqslant {SLK}_{\text{avg}}<3.7 $ − $ 2.5 \leqslant {SLK}_{\text{avg}}<3.7 $ 第3级（弱） − − $ {SLK}_{\text{avg}}<2.5 $ − $ {SLK}_{\text{avg}}<2.5 $ $ Iat $ 第1级（强） $ 1.0<Iat<1.5 $ $ 1.0 \leqslant Iat<1.5 $ $ 1.0 \leqslant Iat<1.5 $ $ 1.0 \leqslant Iat<1.5 $ $ 1.0 \leqslant Iat<1.5 $ 第2级（较强） $ 1.5<Iat<2.0 $ $ 1.5 \leqslant Iat<2.0 $ $ 1.5 \leqslant Iat<2.0 $ $ 1.5 \leqslant Iat<2.0 $ $ 1.5 \leqslant Iat<2.0 $ 第3级（中等） $ 2.0<Iat<2.5 $ $ 2.0 \leqslant Iat<2.5 $ $ 2.0 \leqslant Iat<2.5 $ $ 2.0 \leqslant Iat<2.5 $ $ 2.0 \leqslant Iat<2.5 $ 第4级（弱） $ 2.5<Iat $ $ 2.5 \leqslant Iat<3.0 $ $ 2.5 \leqslant Iat<3.0 $ $ 2.5 \leqslant Iat<3.0 $ $ 2.5 \leqslant Iat<3.0 $ 注：HI—面积−高程积分；BS—流域形状指数；AF—流域盆地不对称度；Re—流域伸长比；${SLK}_{\text{avg}} $—标准化河流梯度指数平均值；Iat—相对构造活动强度 
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