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摘要: 冰川侵蚀形貌是恢复地质历史时期冰川运动规律及搬运–沉积过程的重要依据，是反映冰川热体制的最明确识别标志，也是重建古冰盖的规模、形态、动力学及演化历史的重要工具。经过数百年的发展，国际上已经形成较完善的冰川侵蚀机理和侵蚀形貌分类体系，进而为深时冰川研究提供了重要参考。目前新元古代晚期冰期事件已成为国际地学热点，但相关的冰川侵蚀作用和冰蚀形貌尚未有系统介绍。通过总结目前研究现状和已报道的研究成果，并结合研究经历，文章梳理了冰川通过磨蚀、拔蚀和融水侵蚀作用，在华北克拉通南缘埃迪卡拉纪罗圈组和塔里木克拉通西北成冰纪尤尔美那克组之下基岩上主要形成了：擦痕、钉头刻痕、新月形凿痕和裂隙、塑性塑造形态（小型）；羊背石、沟槽（中型）；巨型冰溜面（大型）等多尺度冰蚀形貌，分析并探讨了其特征对冰川运动规律的指示意义。研究表明，钉头刻痕的头部指示冰流方向，新月形凿痕的新月形凸面朝向冰流方向，而颤刻痕和新月形裂隙的凸面背向冰流方向。以贝壳状断口为代表的塑性塑造形态，其截然的界面指示着冰流方向，而和围岩过渡的界面指示着冰去方向。羊背石的向流面与底床形成一定角度锐角，去流面体现为近乎垂直于底床的截然断面。冰蚀形貌是冰川热体制和运动学规律的最直接反映，罗圈组比尤尔美那克组的冰蚀形貌发育面积更广泛且类型更丰富，可能由于新元古代晚期逐渐加强的暖温冰川热体制所致，响应着罗迪尼亚超大陆最后裂解并逐渐向冈瓦纳大陆聚汇时期特殊的大地构造背景。因此，通过对新元古代冰蚀形貌的空间分析、定性与定量研究，以及与古生代冰蚀形貌的对比研究，期望能够为冰川古地理重建等重要科学问题提供关键证据。Abstract:
Objective Glacial erosion forms serve as crucial bases for reconstructing the laws of glacial movement and transport-deposition processes in geological history. They are the most explicit diagnostic indicators of glacial thermal regimes and important tools for reconstructing the scale, morphology, dynamics, and evolutionary history of ancient ice sheets. After centuries of development, an internationally recognized classification system of glacial erosion mechanisms and forms has emerged, providing significant references for research on deep-time glaciation. Late Neoproterozoic glacial events have become a heated topic in international geoscience in recent years; however, there has been little systematic introduction to glacial erosion processes and the subglacial erosional forms associated with these events. Methods This study summarizes the current research status and previous achievements and combines them with our personal research experience. It categorizes the multi-scale glacial erosional forms created by glaciers (via abrasion, quarrying, and meltwater erosion) on the bedrock beneath the Ediacaran Luoquan Formation (southern North China Craton) and the Cryogenian Yuermeinak Formation (northwestern Tarim Craton). Results These forms are categorized into three scales: (1) striations, nailhead striae, crescentic gouges and fractures, and plastically moulded forms (microscale); (2) roche moutonnées, grooves, and ridges (mesoscale); and (3) giant glacial pavements (macroscale). Additionally, the study analyzes and discusses the significance of these forms in understanding the laws of glacial movement. Studies have shown that the heads of nailhead striae and the convex surfaces of the crescentic gouges indicate the ice flow direction, while the convex surfaces of chatter marks and crescentic fractures face away from the ice flow direction. For plastically moulded forms (p-forms) represented by Muschelbruch, the ice mass flows from the sharp convex edge to the transitional edge. The stoss side of roche moutonnée forms an acute angle with the bedrock, and the lee side is characterized by an abrupt fracture surface nearly perpendicular to the bedrock. Conclusion Glacial erosional forms are the most direct reflection of glacial thermal regimes and kinematic characteristics. Compared with the Yuermeinak Formation, the glacial erosion forms of the Luoquan Formation are more extensively developed and more diverse. This may be attributed to the gradually intensifying temperate glacial thermal regime from the Cryogenian to the Ediacaran, responding to the special tectonic setting during the final breakup of Rodinia and the gradual assembly of Gondwana. [ Significance ] Spatial analysis and qualitative and quantitative research on late Neoproterozoic glacial erosion forms, as well as comparison with Paleozoic glacial erosional forms, can provide key evidence for addressing critical scientific issues, such as the reconstruction of glacial paleogeography. -
Key words:
- Neoproterozoic /
- glacial event /
- glacial erosion forms /
- glacial erosion
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图 1 不同尺度冰蚀形貌的分类（Benn and Evans，2010）
Figure 1. Size classification of multi-scale glacial erosion forms (Benn and Evans, 2010)
图 2 主要中—小型冰蚀形貌特征和对冰川运动方向的指示（据吴瑞棠和关保德，1988修改）
1—钉头刻痕；2—擦痕；3—小型羊背石；4—新月形凿坑；5—新月形裂缝6—磨蚀沟槽；7—冰蚀坎阶；8—冰川运动方向
Figure 2. Main characteristics of meso- to micro-scale glacial erosional forms and their indications for glacial movement directions (modified after Wu and Guan, 1988)
1—nail head striae; 2—striae; 3—small roches moutonnée; 4—crescentic cracks; 5—crescentic fractures; 6—grooves; 7— glacial steps; 8—movement direction of glacier
图 3 奥地利蒂罗尔州阿尔卑斯山东段Kaunertal现代冰川冰蚀形貌
a—冰溜面之上密集排列擦痕；b—新月形凿坑；c—塑性塑造形态，贝壳状断口；d—羊背石；e—远处的冰斗和冰缘环境中的羊背石群；f—岩丘与岩尾，岩丘高6 m
Figure 3. Glacial erosional forms of modern glaciers in Kaunertal, eastern section of the Alps, Tyrol, Austria
(a) Densely arranged striations on the pavement; (b) Crescentic cracks; (c) P-form, Muschelbruch; (d) Roche moutonnée; (e) Distant cirque and a group of roches moutonnées in the periglacial environment; (f) Crag and tails (the crag is 6 meters high)
图 4 塑性塑造形态（p-forms）和流线型/局部流线型冰蚀形貌的分类（据Kor et al.，1991；Bennett and Glasser，2009修改）
a—塑性塑造形态的分类与特点；b—鲸背石、羊背石、岩丘和岩尾示意图
Figure 4. Classification scheme for p-forms and streamlined or partially streamlined glacial erosion forms (modified after Kor et al.，1991; Bennett and Glasser, 2009)
(a) The classification and characteristics of p-forms; (b) Schematic sketches of whaleback, roche moutonnée, pod of whaleback, and crag and tail forms
图 5 研究区区域地质图
a—华北克拉通南缘豫西区域地质图（Guan et al.，1986）；b—塔里木西北缘阿克苏—乌什区域地质图（高振家等，1982）
Figure 5. Regional geological maps of the research areas
(a) Regional geological map of western Henan, southern margin of the North China Craton (Guan et al., 1986); (b) Regional geological map of Aksu–Wushi, northwestern margin of the Tarim Craton (Gao et al., 1982)
图 6 华北克拉通南缘豫西鲁山石门沟罗圈组古冰溜面群航拍图（Chen et al.，2020）
从南至北依次发育1号到4号冰溜面；玫瑰花图代表擦痕走向；n代表统计擦痕数量（下图同）
Figure 6. Composite aerial photographs of the pavements in Shimengou, west Henan province, southern North China Craton (Chen et al., 2020)
From approximately south to north, four pavements are alongside the road. The rose diagram shows the strike of striae measured on striated surfaces on the four pavements, n denotes the number of striations.
图 7 豫西石门沟罗圈组1号冰溜面冰蚀形貌及冰川运动方向指向性（据Chen et al.，2020修改）
a—石门沟剖面1号冰溜面；b—冰蚀坎阶；c—冰蚀坎阶和交错擦痕；d—塑性塑造形态和擦痕；e—交错擦痕；f—滞碛和擦痕；g—冰蚀裂隙；h—新月形凿坑
Figure 7. A bird’s eye view of Pavement 1 in the Shimengou, west Henan province, with indications of glacier movement (modified after Chen et al., 2020)
(a) Pavement 1 at the Shimengou section; (b) Glacial steps; (c) Glacial steps and cross striae; (d) P-forms and striae; (e) Cross striae; (f) Lodgement deposit and striae; (g) Fractures; (h) Crescentic cracks
图 8 豫西石门沟罗圈组4号冰溜面冰蚀形貌及冰川运动方向指向性（据Chen et al.，2020修改）
a—石门沟剖面4号冰溜面；b—纺锤状流槽；c—贝壳状断口；d—内凹槽；e—交错擦痕；f—4号冰溜面上发育的典型冰蚀形貌模式图；g—密集排列的交错擦痕；h—密集排列的擦痕
Figure 8. A bird’s eye view of Pavement 4 in the Shimengou area, west Henan province, with indications of glacier movement (modified after Chen et al., 2020)
(a) Pavement 4 at the Shimengou section; (b) Spindle flute; (c) Muschelbruch; (d) Cavetto; (e) Cross striae; (f) Model of typical erosional forms of pavement 4; (g) Densely packed cross-striations; (h) Densely packed striations
图 9 豫西上徐马罗圈组冰溜面冰蚀形貌及冰川运动方向指向性（据Le Heron et al.，2018；Chen et al.，2020修改）
a—上徐马剖面冰溜面素描图；b—冰溜面及之上冰碛岩的接触关系；c—交错擦痕；d—露头尺度下部分擦痕的曲线形态；e—弯曲形态的擦痕；f—被冰碛岩覆盖的发育擦痕冰溜面，冰碛岩最底部中发育少量擦痕；g—冰溜面的数字高程模型，可见发夹状擦痕
Figure 9. Pavement in Shangxuma, west Henan Province, and indications of glacier movement (modified after Le Heron et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020)
(a) Sketch drawing of a striated pavement at the Shangxuma section; (b) Contact between a striated pavement and diamictites directly overlying it; (c) Cross-cutting striations; (d) The curvilinear nature of striations at the outcrop scale; (e) Striations in curvilinear shape; (f) Striated pavement draped by diamictite; some striations also developed in the basal part; (g) A digital elevation model (DEM) of the pavement at Shangxuma, showing the hairpin striae
图 10 塔西北阿克苏—乌什地区尤尔美那克组冰蚀形貌空间分布（据Chen et al.，2025修改）
a—尤尔美那克村东沟和苏盖特布拉克村北部的冰蚀形貌分布；b—尤尔美那克村东沟4处冰蚀形貌空间分布；c—Yuer_1冰蚀形貌；d—Yuer_2冰蚀形貌；e—Yuer_3冰蚀形貌；f—Yuer_4冰蚀形貌；g—Suget_1冰蚀形貌；h—Suget_2冰蚀形貌；i—Suget_3冰蚀形貌
Figure 10. The spatial distribution of glacial erosion forms of the Yuermeinak Formation in the Aksu–Wushi area, northwestern Tarim (modified after Chen et al., 2025)
(a) Glacial erosion forms around the Yuermeinak and northern Sugetbrak villages; (b) The spatial distribution of four glacial erosion forms in the east gully of Yuermeinak village; (c) Yuer_1 erosional form; (d) Yuer_2 erosional form; (e) Yuer_3 erosional form; (f) Yuer_4 erosional form; (g) Suget_1 erosional form; (h) Suget_2 erosional form; (i) Suget_3 erosional form
图 11 塔西北阿克苏—乌什地区尤尔美那克村东沟剖面Yuer_1、Yuer_2和Yuer_4冰蚀形貌（据Chen et al.，2025修改）
a—Yuer_1，Yuer_2，Yuer_3和Yuer_4冰蚀形貌全景图；b—Yuer_1冰蚀形貌；c—Yuer_1冰蚀形貌中的发夹状擦痕；d—Yuer_1冰蚀形貌中的发育擦痕的波状起伏面；e—Yuer_2冰蚀形貌；f—Yuer_2冰蚀形貌中的发育擦痕的波状起伏面；g—Yuer_2冰蚀形貌中的沟渠状内凹槽；h—Yuer_4冰蚀形貌；i—冰溜面表面的滞碛；j—Yuer_4冰蚀形貌，冰溜面和之上冰碛岩
Figure 11. Glacial erosional forms of Yuer_1, Yuer_2 and Yuer_4 in the east gully section of Yuermeinak village in the Aksu–Wushi area, northwestern Tarim (modified after Chen et al., 2025)
(a) Panorama of erosional forms of Yuer_1, Yuer_2, Yuer_3, and Yuer_4; (b) Erosional form of Yuer_1; (c) Erosional form of Yuer_1, hairpin striae; (d) Erosional forms of Yuer_1, undulating surface with striae; (e) Erosional forms of Yuer_2; (f) Erosional forms of Yuer_2, undulating surface with striae; (g) Erosional forms of Yuer_2, steep-sided cavetto; (h) Erosional forms of Yuer_4; (i) Lodgement deposit on the pavement surface; (j) Glacial pavement of Yuer_4 and the diamictite above it
图 12 塔西北阿克苏—乌什地区尤尔美那克村东沟剖面Yuer_3冰蚀形貌（据Chen et al.，2025修改）
a—羊背石全景图；b—全景图显示了羊背石迎冰面（朝向东北的一侧）与背冰面（朝向西南的一侧），二者可指示冰流方向；c—羊背石流线型的迎冰面；d—迎冰面的擦痕面；e—羊背石的背冰面可见沿节理发育的冰川拔蚀作用；f—背冰面的擦痕面
Figure 12. Glacial erosional form of Yuer_3 in the east gully section of Yuermeinak village in the Aksu–Wushi area, northwestern Tarim (modified after Chen et al., 2025)
(a) Panorama of the roche moutonnée; (b) Panorama of the roche moutonnée shows the stoss side (northeast-facing side) and the lee side (southwest-facing side) that indicate the direction of ice flow; (c) The streamlined stoss side of the roche moutonnée; (d) The striated surface of the stoss side; (e) The lee side of the roche moutonnée shows glacial plucking along joints; (f) The striated surface of the lee side
图 13 塔西北阿克苏—乌什地区苏盖特布拉克村西北Suget_1和Suget_2冰蚀形貌（据Chen et al.，2025修改）
a—Suget_1小型冰蚀形貌；b—钉头刻痕；c—贝壳状断口和中间隆起的脊；d—Suget_2中型冰蚀形貌；e—Suget_2中型冰蚀形貌的抽象素描图；f—直接覆盖于Suget_2冰蚀形貌之上的含重晶石白云岩；g—含重晶石白云岩，可见针状晶体形态的重晶石；h—Suget_1小型冰蚀形貌（擦痕1）；i—Suget_1小型冰蚀形貌（擦痕2）；j—Suget_1小型冰蚀形貌（擦痕3）
Figure 13. Glacial erosion forms of Suget_1 and Suget_2 in the northwest of Sugetbrak village in the Aksu–Wushi area, northwestern Tarim (modified after Chen et al., 2025)
(a) Microscale erosional forms of Suget_1; (b) Nailhead striae; (c) Two erosional forms of muschelbrüche and the ridge in the middle; (d) Mesoscale erosional forms of Suget_2; (e) Abstract sketch of Suget_2; (f) Barite-bearing dolomite draped directly on the erosional form of Suget_2; (f) Barite-bearing dolomite with needle-like shape barites; (h) Microscale erosional form (striae1) in Suget_1; (i) Microscale erosional form (striae2) in Suget_1; (j) Microscale erosional form (striae3) in Suget_1
图 14 塔西北阿克苏—乌什地区苏盖特布拉克村西北Suget_3中—小型冰蚀形貌（据Chen et al.，2025修改）
a—Suget_3中型羊背石；b—羊背石上发育的冰蚀形貌；c—2处贝壳状断口；d—贝壳状断口放大图1；e—贝壳状断口放大图2；f—擦痕面；g—图14f的放大；h—发育有擦痕的贝壳状断口；i—平行擦痕，可见钉头刻痕；j—平行和斜交擦痕；k—平行和斜交擦痕
Figure 14. The micro- and mesoscale glacial erosion forms of Suget_3 in the northwest of Sugetbrak village in the Aksu-Wushi area, northwestern Tarim (modified after Chen et al., 2025)
(a) Mesoscale roche moutonneé of Suget_3; (b) Glacial erosion forms developed on the roche moutonneé; (c) Two erosional forms of muschelbrüche; (d) Enlarged view of muschelbrüche（No.1）; (e) Enlarged view of muschelbrüche（No.2）; (f) striated surface; (g) Enlarged view of Fig. 14f; (h) Muschelbrüche with striations; (i) Parallel striations and nail-head striations; (j) Parallel and cross striations; (k) Parallel and cross striations
图 15 澳大利亚西北Kimberley地区Walsh组之下以擦痕为主的冰蚀形貌（照片由Maree Corkeron提供）
a—Walsh组之下冰溜面全景；b—图15a中冰溜面放大；c—发育擦痕的冰溜面1；d—发育擦痕的冰溜面2；e—冰溜面上部分擦痕延伸较短；f—擦痕密集排列；g—斜交擦痕发育
Figure 15. Striation-dominated glacial erosion forms underlying the Walsh Formation in the Kimberley region, northwestern Australia (photos courtesy of Maree Corkeron)
(a) Panorama of the pavements beneath the Walsh Formation; (b) Enlarged view of the pavement in Fig. 15a; (c) Striated pavement（No.1）; (d) Striated pavement（No.2）; (e) Some striations of the pavement extend relatively short ; (f) Densely packed striations; (g) Cross striations
图 16 澳大利亚西北Kimberley地区Egan组之下以擦痕和新月形凿坑、裂缝为主的冰蚀形貌（照片由Maree Corkeron提供）
a—擦痕发育的冰溜面；b—新月形凿坑；c—Egan组之下冰溜面宏观照；d—发育擦痕的冰溜面之上的新月形裂缝
Figure 16. Striation and crescentic cracks or fractures dominated glacial erosion forms beneath the Egan Formation in the Kimberley region, northwestern Australia (photos courtesy of Maree Corkeron)
(a) Striated pavements; (b) Crescentic gouges; (c) Macroscopic photograph of the pavement underlying the Egan Formation; (d) Crescentic fractures developed on the striated pavement
图 17 摩洛哥Anti-Atlas地区Bou Azzer组之下擦痕发育的小型羊背石
a—Bou Azzer组之下羊背石宏观照；b—羊背石放大照片；c—钉头刻痕；d—擦痕面
Figure 17. Small-scale roche moutonnée beneath the Bou Azzer Formation in the Anti-Atlas region, Morocco
(a) Macroscopic photograph of the roche moutonnée underlying the Bou Azzer Formation; (b) Enlarged view of the roche moutonnée; (c) Nailhead striae; (d) Striated surface
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