Sedimentary records of Holocene paleoflood events in the northern branch of the Daqing River
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摘要: 海河流域地处华北平原北部，位于中国北方半干旱—半湿润气候区，是水文气候变化的敏感区，洪涝灾害频发，重建区域古洪水历史是评估未来极端洪水灾害影响的关键，而该流域古洪水事件发生规律及其驱动机制的研究仍显不足。基于海河流域大清河北支新盖房分洪道全新世地层剖面，根据地层序列、岩性特征及沉积构造，结合沉积物粒度、磁化率等指标分析，识别出全新世以来的3期（6次）古洪水事件沉积。洪水沉积以中—细砂为主，黏土与粉砂含量较低，磁化率呈高值，指示强水动力条件下高磁性外源物质的输入。通过加速器质谱14C测年法（AMS14C）年龄限定3期古洪水事件的年代分别约为： 8.4 cal ka BP、5.0~4.6 cal ka BP、4.1 ~3.7 cal ka BP。第1期洪水事件发生于全新世气候适宜期早期，处于8.2 ka事件的前兆期，为气候相对不稳定阶段。第2期洪水事件处于全新世气候适宜期晚期，东亚夏季风逐渐减弱，该期洪水主要受东亚季风控制。第3期洪水事件在时间上与全球性4.2 ka气候事件较一致，对应于全新世晚期季风持续衰退中的波动阶段，为弱季风条件下的偏湿气候期。大清河北支全新世古洪水序列与东亚夏季风强度波动及全球性气候事件密切相关，为揭示海河流域洪涝灾害发生规律及雄安新区韧性城市建设提供了科学依据。Abstract:
Objective The Haihe River Basin, located in the northern part of the North China Plain, within the semi-arid and semi-humid climatic region of north China, is a sensitive area for hydroclimatic changes and experiences frequent flood disasters. Reconstructing the regional paleoflood history is crucial for assessing the potential impact of future extreme flood disasters. However, research on the occurrence patterns and driving mechanisms of paleoflood events in this basin remains insufficient. Methods Through analysis of stratigraphic sequences, lithological characteristics, sedimentary structures, and indicators such as sediment grain size and magnetic susceptibility, we identified deposits of three periods (six occurrences) of Holocene paleoflood events in the Xingaifang Flood Diversion Channel in the North Branch of the Daqing River within the Haihe River Basin. [Discussion] The flood deposits are primarily composed of fine to medium sand, with low clay and silt contents, and high magnetic susceptibility, indicating the input of highly magnetic materials under high-energy hydrodynamic conditions. The first period of flood events occurred in the early stage of the Holocene Climatic Optimum, during the precursor phase of the 8.2 ka event, when the climate was in a relatively unstable stage. The second period of flood events took place in the late stage of the Holocene Climatic Optimum, as the East Asian Summer Monsoon (which primarily controlled these floods) gradually weakened. The third period of flood events coincided temporally with the global 4.2 ka climate event, corresponding to a fluctuating phase within the late Holocene monsoon decline with a relatively humid climate under weak monsoon conditions. Results Based on AMS 14C dating, the periods of the three paleoflood events are constrained to approximately ~8.4 cal ka BP, 5.0–4.6 cal ka BP, and 4.1–3.7 cal ka BP, respectively. The Holocene paleoflood sequence of the North Branch of the Daqing River is closely related to fluctuations in the intensity of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and global climate events. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding flood disaster patterns in the Haihe River Basin and supports resilient urban planning in the Xiong'an New Area. -
Key words:
- Paleofloods /
- Holocene /
- grain size /
- Daqing River /
- Xiong'an New Area
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图 1 海河流域及大清河下游地理位置
a—海河流域范围；b—21DBC剖面位置
Figure 1. Haihe River Basin and the lower reaches of the Daqing River
(a) Extent of the Haihe River Basin; (b) Location of the 21DBC section
图 2 21DBC剖面沉积特征及岩性段划分
a—剖面整体岩性特征；b—上段（Ⅰ）粉细砂夹黏土质粉砂；c—中段（Ⅱ）黏土质粉砂与粉细砂互层；d—下段（Ⅲ）中—细砂
Figure 2. Sedimentary characteristics and lithologic unit division of the 21DBC section
(a) Overall lithologic characteristics of the section; (b) Upper unit (Ⅰ): silt–fine sand interbedded with clayey silt; (c) Middle unit (Ⅱ): clayey silt interbedded with silt–fine sand; (d) Lower unit (Ⅲ): medium–fine sand
图 3 大清河北支21DBC剖面粒度组成与磁化率曲线
磁化率下段（Ⅲ）曲线中的数字表示3个异常高值（单位：10−4SI）
Figure 3. Variation of grain sizes of the 21DBC section
The numbers on the lower segment (III) of magnetic susceptibility indicate three anomaly peaks (unit: 10−4 SI).
图 4 21DBC剖面主要粒度参数变化曲线
Figure 4. Variation of main grain size parameters of the 21DBC section
图 5 21DBC剖面典型沉积构造特征
a—剖面底部接触面；b—剖面下段含泥砾层；c—剖面下段砂层夹黏土质粉砂；d—剖面中段泥炭层；e—剖面中段灰色黏土质粉砂与黄色细砂互层；f—剖面中段纹层；g—剖面上段粉—细砂层发育小型波状层理；h—砂层底部多发育波状冲刷面；i—黏土质粉砂；j—粉—细砂层发育平行层理；k—小型波状层理；l—粉—细砂与薄层粉砂质黏土韵律层
Figure 5. Characteristics of typical sedimentary structures in the 21DBC profile
(a) Contact surface at the bottom of the section; (b) Muddy gravel layer in the lower unit of the section; (c) Sand layer interbedded with clayey silt in the lower unit of the section; (d) Peat layer in the middle unit of the section; (e) Gray clayey silt interbedded with yellow fine sand in the middle unit of the section; (f) Laminae in the middle unit of the section; (g) Small-scale wavy bedding in a silty fine sand layer in the upper unit of the section; (h) Wavy scour surfaces at the bottom of sand layers; (i) Clayey silt; (j) Parallel bedding in a silty fine sand layer; (k) Small-scale wavy bedding; (l) Rhythmic layering of silty fine sand and thin sandy clay
图 6 21DBC剖面典型沉积物粒度频率曲线图
a—910～900 cm深度粒度频率曲线；b—不同深度河流相沉积的粒度频率曲线；c—不同深度湖沼相沉积的粒度频率曲线；d—354～310 cm深度粒度频率曲线
Figure 6. Grain-size frequency distribution curve of typical sediments in the 21DBC section
(a) Frequency curves at 910–900 cm depth; (b) Frequency curves of fluvial deposits at different depths; (c) Frequency curves of lacustrine deposits at different depths; (d) Frequency curves at 354–310 cm depth
图 7 21DBC剖面不同深度粒度概率累积曲线
图中编号（21DBC450）为样品编号，括号中数字（910 cm）表示采样深度
Figure 7. Cumulative probability curves of different sediment types in the 21DBC section
The numbers, such as 21DBC450, in the figure represent the sample numbers, and the number in parentheses, such as 910 cm, indicates the sampling depth.
图 8 21DBC剖面沉积物粒度C-M图
NO段—滚动；OP段—滚动+悬浮；PQ段—悬浮+滚动；QR段—递变悬浮；RS段—均匀悬浮
Figure 8. C–M diagram of sediments in the 21DBC section
NO segment—rolling; OP segment—rolling with suspension; PQ segment—suspension with rolling; QR segment—graded suspension; RS segment—uniform suspension
图 9 大清河北支21DBC剖面全新世古洪水序列
a—砂含量；b—平均粒径；c—分选系数；d—磁化率（χ）；e—宁晋泊年降水量（PANN；Zhang et al.,2024）；f—公海年降水量（PANN；Chen et al.,2015）
Figure 9. Holocene paleoflood sequence of the 21DBC section in the Northern Branch of the Daqing River
(a) Sand content; (b) Mean grain size; (c) Sorting; (d) Magnetic susceptibility (χ); (e) Annual precipitation (PANN) of Ningjinbo (Zhang et al., 2024); (f) Annual precipitation (PANN) of Gonghai (Chen et al., 2015)
表 1 21DBC剖面AMS14C年龄测试结果（王燕校，2022）
Table 1. AMS 14C dating results for the 21DBC section (Wang, 2022)
实验室编号 样品编号 测试材料 采样深度/cm δ13C/‰ 14C年龄/a BP 2σ校正年龄/cal a BP 中值年龄/cal a BP Beta – 603450 21DBC-72 CM 沉积物 72 −21.8 3600±30 3984～3831 3907 Beta – 603451 21DBC-246 CM 沉积物 246 −21.7 4120±30 4725～4526 4625 Beta – 603452 21DBC-650 CM 沉积物 650 −23.9 4830±30 5539～5477 5508 Beta – 603453 21DBC-910 CM 沉积物 910 −22.3 7580±30 8420～8346 8383 
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表 2 21DBC剖面光释光（OSL）年龄结果（王燕校，2022）
Table 2. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating results for the 21DBC section (Wang, 2022)
样品编号 剖面深度/m 含水率/% U/×10−6 Th/×10−6 K/% 剂量率/(Gy/ka) 等效剂量/Gy 年龄/ka 18BZ-05 9.6 6±3 2.27±0.03 15.67±0.32 1.41±0.02 3.07±0.07 25.49±0.40 8.29±0.23 20DBC-0 10.5 23±5 2.25±0.02 10.17±0.03 1.89±0.04 3.18±0.17 130.65±2.18 41.11±2.28
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表 3 大步村21DBC剖面沉积物粒度参数
Table 3. Grain-size parameters of the 21DBC section
地层单元 采样深度/cm 分选系数 偏度 峰态 平均粒径/µm 范围 平均 范围 平均 范围 平均 范围 平均 上段 0～120 0.97～2.16 1.45 0.03～0.52 0.34 1.02～2.04 1.58 22.30～188.30 90.46 120～250 1.41～2.54 1.83 −0.21～0.35 0.08 0.78～1.24 0.95 4.84～40.96 10.33 250～417 0.65～2.08 1.36 −0.13～0.49 0.17 0.79～1.71 1.21 10.42～122.28 56.57 中段 417～660 1.40～3.39 1.85 −0.38～0.31 0.05 0.62～1.47 0.97 4.44～32.94 8.98 660～910 1.44～2.55 1.91 0.01～0.59 0.36 0.84～2.01 1.12 7.01～87.70 23.29 下段 910～1028 0.83～1.81 1.09 0.18～0.59 0.33 1.17～1.86 1.34 21.95～387.49 281.78 底部 1028~1040 1.85～1.99 1.92 0.36～0.46 0.42 1.01～1.13 1.06 22.58～27.21 24.73
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表 4 大步村21DBC剖面沉积物粒度参数
Table 4. Grain-size parameters of the 21DBC section
地层单元 采样深度/cm 中值粒径/µm D90/µm 砂/（粉砂+黏土）比值 砂/粉砂比值 范围 平均 范围 平均 范围 平均 范围 平均 上段 0～120 31.42～179.06 101.13 84.01～627.09 231.90 0.27～10.04 3.10 0.30～11.19 3.42 120～250 5.03～61.54 11.32 16.72～271.06 53.79 0～0.99 0.09 0～1.15 0.11 250～417 11.19～118.64 59.01 34.01～350.06 144.50 0.01～8.48 1.70 0.02～8.48 1.74 中段 417～660 4.03～41.43 9.12 18.03～601.32 57.52 0～0.63 0.07 0～0.75 0.09 660～910 8.03～113.01 31.43 26.38～309.80 87.38 0.01～2.38 0.35 0.01～2.67 0.39 下段 910～1028 27.86～403.02 315.64 114.70～756.84 600.98 0.34～25.47 13.41 0.38～25.47 13.50 底部 1028~1040 31.42～38.52 34.62 85.67～106.97 92.78 0.28～0.38 0.33 0.31～0.42 0.37
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