受断裂控制的热液矿床矿体（群）侧伏规律及力学机制

韩润生; 张艳; 罗进; 黄保胜; 胡体才

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025121

受断裂控制的热液矿床矿体（群）侧伏规律及力学机制

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025121

韩润生^{1, 2,},
张艳^{1, 2, ,},
罗进³,
黄保胜³,
胡体才³

1.
昆明理工大学国土资源工程学院，云南昆明 650093
2.
有色金属矿产地质调查中心西南地质调查所，云南昆明 650093
3.
云南驰宏锌锗股份有限公司，云南曲靖 655099

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42172086，42472127）；云南省矿产资源预测与评价工程研究中心项目（2011）；云南省昆明理工大学创新团队项目（2012）

详细信息

作者简介:
韩润生（1964—），男，研究员，博士生导师，从事构造成矿动力学与隐伏矿预测、矿床学研究。Email：554670042@qq.com

通讯作者:
张艳（1981—），女，教授，博士生导师，从事隐伏矿预测、矿床学研究。Email：78598874@qq.com

中图分类号: P548
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-02
- 修回日期: 2025-10-22
- 录用日期: 2025-10-22
- 预出版日期: 2025-10-22
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-30

Plunge law and mechanical mechanisms of fault-controlled ore bodies (clusters) in hydrothermal deposits

HAN Runsheng^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Yan^{1, 2
, ,},
LUO Jin³,
HUANG Baosheng³,
HU Ticai³

1.
Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
2.
Southwest Geological Survey, Nonferrous Metals Minerals Geological Survey Center, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
3.
Yunnan Chihong Zn & Ge Co., Ltd., Qujing 655099, Yunnan, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42172086 and 42472127), the Project of the Yunnan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources Prediction and Assessment (2011), and the Project of the Yunnan Kunming University of Science and Technology Innovation Team (2012).

More Information

Author Bio:
韩润生，昆明理工大学二级教授、博士生导师，享受国务院特殊津贴，入选“新世纪百千万人才工程”国家级人选、教育部新世纪优秀人才、云岭学者等。现任云南省矿产资源预测评价工程研究中心主任、云南省地质过程与矿产资源创新团队首席教授。长期从事成矿动力学与隐伏矿预测、矿床学方向的教学与研究工作。主持国家重点研发计划课题、国家自然科学基金（重点）项目、科技支撑计划课题、国家危机矿山专项及教育部、财政部、省级和校企科技合作项目50余项；以第一或第二作者出版专著5部；在Scientific Report、Ore Geology Reviews、《地学前缘》《地质学报》等中外刊物发表学术论文200余篇；获发明专利授权22件；获省部级特等奖1项（R1）、一等奖6项（4R1、2R2)、二等奖5项（2R1、1R2、2R6），并获得中国产学研合作创新奖及第三届“黄汲清青年地质科学技术奖”等。兼任国际大地构造与成矿委员会委员、中国地球物理学会构造物理化学委员会副主任、中国岩石矿物地球化学学会理事、应用地球化学委员会副主任、矿床地球化学委员会委员、中国有色地质学术委员会副主任等

Corresponding author: 张艳，昆明理工大学教授、博士生导师，兼任中国有色金属学会地质专业委员会副秘书长，入选“云南省兴滇英才支持计划”产业创新、青年人才项目，现任云南省矿产资源预测评价工程研究中心副主任。主要从事隐伏矿预测与矿床学的教学与科研工作。主持深地国家重大专项子课题、国家自然科学基金（面上、青年）项目、博士后面上一等资助项目共4项，以及省重大专项课题、产学研合作重点项目等10余项。科研成果获云南省科技进步特等奖1项（R6），其它省部级科技奖励4项、地厅级奖励2项，获国家发明专利授权10项。以第一作者或通信作者发表高水平论文50余篇，作为第二作者出版78万字学术专著1部。曾获全国大学青年教师地质课程教学比赛一等奖、昆明理工大学首届课程思政教学比赛特等奖。

摘要

摘要: 热液矿床中，矿体（群）的侧伏规律是构造−流体耦合成矿系统在三维空间的具体表现，但确定其侧伏向和侧伏角一直是找矿预测的难题之一。文章聚焦矿体（群）侧伏规律及其力学机制研究中存在的主要问题（多期构造叠加造成的矿体侧伏识别难、矿体群侧伏控制机制不清、深部矿体侧伏模型实证研究不足等），基于矿田地质力学理论与方法，突破多期构造识别、矿体群侧伏控制机制等瓶颈，研究总结了压扭性、张扭性/扭张性、剪切带/扭性为主断裂带及复合构造控制的矿体（群）的侧伏规律，并解析其力学机制，提出矿体（群）侧伏确定方法。研究表明，成矿断裂构造的力学、运动学及其倾向、倾角共同控制矿体（群）侧伏产状，其侧伏向与成矿断裂下降盘运动方向一致，侧伏角受成矿构造应力场水平分量或成矿构造运动方向与断裂走向夹角的大小控制；不同级序构造控制的矿体群与单个矿体的侧伏规律不完全一致。在此基础上，认为成矿构造解析、矿化蚀变分带趋势追索、矿柱中心点投影及勘查工程数据三维空间分析是推断隐伏矿体（群）侧伏的主要方法，构造地球化学和地球物理异常分析等方法，可显著提升深部隐伏矿体（群）侧伏预测的可靠性，有望打开深部找矿新局面，取得事半功倍之功效。该研究在指导矿山深部和外围找矿预测与勘查区矿产评价、优化勘查工程部署、深化热液矿床成矿动力学机制及准确估算资源储量等方面具有重要意义。
- 矿体（群）侧伏规律 /
- 力学机制 /
- 侧伏确定方法 /
- 物化探异常分析 /
- 热液矿床
Abstract: Objective Hydrothermal mineral deposits provide a representative example of tectonic–fluid coupled metallogenic systems, and the lateral plunge law of ore bodies or ore body clusters constitutes their three-dimensional expression in geological space, yet the determination of pitching direction and pitching angle has long been one of the most difficult problems in prospecting prediction. Methods This study aims to address the major challenges in understanding plunge law and mechanical mechanisms, namely the difficulty of identifying ore body pitching under multiphase tectonic superposition, the lack of clarity in the control mechanisms of ore body cluster pitching, and the insufficiency of empirical studies on deep ore body pitching models. Based on Theory and Methods of Orefield Geomechanics, breakthroughs were achieved in multiphase structural recognition and the identification of control mechanisms, allowing systematic summarization of plunge law associated with compressional–shear, extensional–shear or transtensional, ductile shear zone or brittle shear belt, and composite structural controls, together with detailed analysis of their mechanical mechanisms and the proposal of practical methods for determining pitching. Results The results indicate that in hydrothermal deposits, ore body pitching is strictly controlled by the mechanical properties, kinematic behavior, and spatial configuration of the dominant ore-controlling structures during mineralization: the pitching direction of ore bodies or clusters is consistent with the movement of the hanging wall of the controlling fault, while the pitching angle is governed by the fault dip, the proportion of shear components, the undulatory amplitude of fault planes, and the orientation of the regional principal stresses. Ore bodies controlled by transpressional or transtensional faults exhibit more pronounced pitching than those associated with simple compressional–shear or extensional–shear structures; for single ore bodies or vein clusters, pitching direction may coincide with that of the cluster in transpressional or compressional–shear systems, or conversely oppose it in transtensional or extensional–shear systems; where ductile shear zones control mineralization, pitching is parallel to stretching lineations, while brittle shear belts produce pitching that follows extension–compression directions; in composite structural systems, the determination of pitching requires careful analysis of inherited, superimposed, or transformed tectonic elements to establish the effective mode of control. Mechanically, the pitching direction corresponds to the orientation of maximum permeability of metallogenic fluids within the ore-controlling stress field: in compressional–shear or transpressional faults, pitching is constrained by the sense of shear displacement; in transtensional faults, it is determined by the orientation of dominant fluid channels; and in ductile shear zones, it follows the X-axis of the strain ellipsoid. Conclusion These findings confirm that the mechanics and kinematics of ore-controlling structures are the primary factors dictating the occurrence of pitching in ore bodies and clusters, but they also highlight that the regularities differ between structural hierarchies, with the behavior of ore body clusters not entirely identical to that of single ore bodies, and that the observed patterns reflect the combined action of the metallogenic stress field, fluid dynamics, and the physical properties of host rocks. On this basis, several methods are recognized as effective for inferring the pitching of concealed ore bodies, including structural analysis of mineralizing faults, tracing zoning trends of mineralization and alteration, projection of ore column centroids, and three-dimensional spatial analysis of exploration engineering data, while the integration of structural geochemical and geophysical anomaly analyses can significantly enhance the reliability of pitching prediction in deep concealed settings, thereby opening new avenues for deep ore prospecting and achieving high efficiency in exploration. [Significance] The significance of this study lies not only in its practical applications—guiding deep and peripheral prospecting, improving mineral resource evaluation in exploration areas, optimizing the deployment of exploration projects, and enabling more accurate estimation of reserves—but also in its theoretical contributions, particularly in advancing the understanding of the metallogenic dynamics of hydrothermal deposits by linking structural mechanics, stress fields, fluid migration, and rock physical properties in a unified framework for explaining ore body pitching.
- plunge law of ore bodies (cluster) /
- mechanical mechanisms /
- plunge determination methods /
- geophysical and geochemical anomaly analysis /
- hydrothermal deposits

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图 1 不同类型断裂带控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律和力学机制示意图

a—压扭性断裂控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律和力学机制示意图；b—张扭性断裂控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律和力学机制示意图；c—扭张性断裂控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律和力学机制示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of ore body (cluster) plunge law and mechanical mechanisms controlled by different types of fault zones

(a) Schematic diagrams of ore body (cluster) plunge law and mechanical mechanisms controlled by compresso–shear fault structure; (b) Schematic diagrams of ore body (cluster) plunge law and mechanical mechanisms controlled by tensional-shear fault structure; (c) Schematic diagrams of ore body (cluster) plunge law and mechanical mechanisms controlled by shear-tensional fault structure

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图 2 川滇黔典型铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图（据韩润生和张艳，2025修改）

a—毛坪铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图；b—会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图；c—会泽麒麟厂铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图；d—杉树林铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图；e—大梁子铅锌矿床的矿体（群）纵投影图a—c为压扭性断裂控制的矿体群侧伏典例，d为张扭性断裂控制的矿体群侧伏典例，e为扭张性断裂控制的矿体群侧伏典例

Figure 2. Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in typical lead-zinc deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou region (modified from Han and Zhang, 2025)

(a) Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in the Maoping lead-zinc deposits; (b) Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in the Kuangshanchang lead-zinc deposits in Huize; (c) Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in the Qilinchang lead-zinc deposits in Huize; (d) Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in the Shanshulin lead-zinc deposits; (e) Longitudinal projection of ore bodies (clusters) in the Daliangzi lead-zinc deposits(a)–(c) show typical examples of plunging ore body clusters controlled by compresso-shear faults; (d) shows typical examples of plunging ore body clusters controlled by tensional-shear faults; (e) shows typical examples of plunging ore body clusters controlled by shear-tensional faults.

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表 1 不同类型断裂构造控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律

Table 1. Ore body (cluster) plunge law of various fault structure types

控矿构造类型	主导控制因素	主要侧伏规律	矿产勘探意义
压扭性/ 扭压性断裂带	断裂力学性质和扭动方向（右行/左行）及剪切分量	右行扭动→右侧伏；左行扭动→左侧伏	压扭性断裂控制的矿体侧伏规律清晰且普遍，是侧伏预测的主要依据
张扭性/扭张性断裂带	断裂力学性质和扭动方向及剪切分量	张扭性构造控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律性较弱，矿体（群）斜列侧伏或沿通道倾斜延深；扭张性断裂带控制的矿体（群）侧伏规律性较强	结合局部成矿构造与主次断裂力学、运动学分析
剪切带与扭性为主断裂	拉伸线理方向、剪切带伸长方向/扭性为主断裂运动方向	侧伏方向与线理方向一致；侧伏角=线理倾伏角；主断裂及其派生的次级断裂的力学性质、运动学控制矿体（群）侧伏	线理测量、构造力学性质、运动学判断是关键
复合构造	成矿期主导构造	需精细解析继承性、叠加性或转换构造，确定其侧伏方式	划分构造活动和成矿期次，确定成矿期主控构造是关键

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表 2 矿体群侧伏的力学机制小结

Table 2. Summary of mechanical mechanisms for ore (body) cluster plunge

成矿构造	主导应力	扩容空间形成机制	侧伏向决定因素	参考文献
压扭性断裂带	压扭应力	断裂扭动在舒缓波状面产生张性阶步、断裂在剖面变缓扩容区	断裂扭动方向 (右行→右侧伏)	Sibson，1987；韩润生等，2001
张扭性或扭张性断裂带	张扭应力或扭张应力	高角度连通裂隙形成流体优势通道	优势通道倾斜方向	Curewitz and Karson，1997
韧性剪切带	简单剪切	X轴方向强应变区渗透性增强	拉伸线理方向 (X轴投影)	Groves et al.，1998

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表 3 矿体侧伏确定方法适用性及其精度对比

Table 3. Comparison of applicability and accuracy for ore body (cluster) Plunge determination methods

确定方法	适用阶段	数据需求	精度	主要局限
成矿构造解析法	预查—普查、深部勘查	地质填图	中	深部控矿构造可能变化
矿体中心点投影法	详查—勘探	≥3个中段工程数据	高	部分揭露矿体
等值线趋势法	勘探—开发	密集网格工程	中—高	受矿体形态复杂性影响
构造地球化学异常法	普查—勘查、勘探	≥3个中段工程数据	中—高	受矿体分布和工程布局影响
物探异常确定方法	勘查—勘探	剖面数据	中	受地形、构造和矿体分布影响

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