Tectonic stress field characteristics in Wushi, Xinjiang, and the stress impact of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake
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摘要: 天山造山带与塔里木板块北部边界构造活动频繁，导致新疆乌什地区发育复杂构造变形。2024年1月23日乌什7.1级地震（震中41.26°N，78.63°E，震源深度22 km）是该区域近十年来最大震级事件，为研究区域构造应力场及该地震对其影响提供了有利契机。基于1976年1月至2025年3月来自国内外多家机构发布的148个震源机制解，采用阻尼应力张量反演方法，获取了乌什地区构造应力场状态，并分析了乌什7.1级地震对区域构造应力场的可能影响。结果表明：乌什地区主要受到南北向挤压作用，主压应力轴走向168.77°、倾伏角6.85°，主张应力轴几近垂直，揭示印度板块向北俯冲背景下，塔里木盆地与天山之间的地壳发生缩短和逆冲推覆，整体处于南北向挤压应力环境；乌什7.1级地震使主压应力轴方向由震前的178.91°（倾伏角6.24°）转变为震后的167.61°（倾伏角7.98°），空间旋转角15.06°，但对应力场整体影响较小，区域应力体系仍受深部构造活动的控制；乌什地区应力场虽具整体一致性，但位于塔里木板块北缘与天山交界带的伽师北部震群呈现走滑型应力机制，指示该区域为塔里木盆地与天山造山带的板块构造转换边界。Abstract:
Objective The Wushi region in Xinjiang is located at the intersection of multiple tectonic units, characterized by frequent tectonic activity, making it a critical region for stress concentration and release. On January 23, 2024, an M 7.1 earthquake struck Wushi (epicenter: 41.26°N, 78.63°E; depth: 22 km), representing the largest event in this area over the past decade. To better understand the regional seismogenic environment and assess future seismic hazards, this study utilizes comprehensive focal mechanism data to investigate the regional tectonic stress field and quantitatively evaluate the impact of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake on the stress regime. Methods Based on 148 focal mechanism solutions (January 1976 to March 2025) compiled from multiple domestic and international institutions, we applied the damped stress tensor inversion method to determine the stress field characteristics across subregions and systematically evaluate changes in the stress field before and after the earthquake. Results Stress tensor inversion reveals that the Wushi region is dominated by a compressional stress regime under N–S compression. Except for the area near the Jiashi earthquake cluster where R > 0.5, the azimuth of the maximum principal compressive stress (σ1) gradually rotates from NNW in the south to approximately N–S in the north (azimuth range: 168.75°–183.45°; plunge range: 6.85°–19.58°). The Jiashi seismic cluster exhibits a strike-slip stress regime characterized by NNE–SSW compression and NWW–SEE extension, with thrust faulting dominating to its north and strike-slip faulting to its south. Comparative analysis shows that the optimal σ1 direction adjusted from an azimuth/plunge of 178.91°/6.24° before the earthquake to 167.61°/7.98° after the earthquake, corresponding to an azimuth deviation of 12.53° and a total spatial rotation of 15.06°. This indicates that the mainshock exerted a relatively minor impact on the regional stress field, which remains under the dominant compressional regime. Conclusions The tectonic stress field in the Wushi region is driven by the northward collision of the Indian plate against Eurasia, which transmits near-N–S horizontal compression northeastward into the Tianshan orogenic belt, causing crustal shortening and thrusting between the Tarim Basin and the Tianshan Mountains. The M 7.1 earthquake caused only localized adjustments, leaving the overall regional stress regime controlled by deep-seated tectonic processes. Furthermore, the northern Jiashi earthquake cluster, located at the boundary between the northern Tarim plate and the Tianshan Mountains, exhibits a strike-slip stress mechanism, marking a major tectonic transition zone between the Tarim Basin and the Tianshan orogenic belt. Significance This study provides a refined characterization of the tectonic stress field in the Wushi region and clarifies the limited impact of the M 7.1 mainshock on regional stress states. These findings deepen our understanding of the tectonic interactions between the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Tarim Basin, providing critical scientific constraints for regional tectonic segmentation and seismic hazard assessment. -
图 1 乌什7.1级地震的构造背景与区域应变率（断裂数据引自Wu et al.，2024，应变率数据引自Wang and Shen，2020）
沙滩球为震中位置；十字箭头表示水平主应变率矢量对，比例尺为 25 × 10−9/a a—研究区构造位置；b—乌什地震区域应变率与活动断裂
Figure 1. Tectonic setting and regional strain rate of the M 7.1 Wushi earthquake (Fault data from Wu et al., 2024; strain rate data from Wang and Shen, 2020）
(a) Regional tectonic setting of the study area; (b) Strain rate and active faults in the Wushi earthquake region Focal mechanism (beach ball) denotes epicenter locations; The cross-shaped arrows represent pairs of horizontal principal strain-rate vectors, with a scale of 25 × 10−9/a.
图 2 乌什地区震源机制解分布
不同颜色震源机制解代表不同破裂类型；部分震源机制解因震中密集采用细线引出，细线端点为地震实际震中位置；震源机制解数据来自中国地震台网中心、全球矩心矩张量（GCMT）、德国波茨坦地球科学研究中心（GFZ）、美国国家地震信息中心（NEIC）、巴黎地球物理研究所（IPGP）、蔚蓝海岸天文台（OCA）、SC4矩张量系统（SC4）、地震与海啸预测中心（CPPT）数据库
Figure 2. Distribution of focal mechanism solutions for the Wushi region
Different colors of focal mechanisms represent distinct faulting types. Due to high epicentral density, some focal mechanisms are connected by thin leader lines, where the endpoints indicate actual earthquake epicenters. Focal mechanism data are compiled from CENC, GCMT, GFZ, NEIC, IPGP, OCA, SC4, and CPPT databases.
图 3 数据拟合残差和模型长度的折中曲线
蓝色十字为最佳阻尼系数
Figure 3. Trade-off curve between data misfit and model length
The blue cross indicates the optimal damping coefficient.
图 4 乌什地区构造应力场反演结果
σ1、σ2和σ3分别代表主压应力轴、中间应力轴和主张应力轴；红点、绿点、蓝点分别代表95%置信度下σ1、σ2、σ3应力轴的不确定范围；黑色加号代表各子区域应力张量最优解；各子区域中间矩形的颜色代表对应单元的应力形因子（R值）；黑色实线代表断裂a—应力轴空间分布结果；b—R值空间分布结果
Figure 4. Inversion results of stress field in the Wushi region
(a) Results of each axis of the inverted stress field; (b) Results of the inverted R valueσ1, σ2, and σ3 represent the maximum compressive, intermediate, and maximum tensile principal stress axes, respectively. Red, green, and blue dots indicate the 95% confidence intervals for σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively. Black plus signs mark the optimal stress tensor solutions for each subregion. Colored central rectangles depict the stress ratio (R-value) for the corresponding units. Black solid lines denote faults.
图 5 乌什7.1级地震前后构造应力场反演结果
σ1、σ2和σ3分别代表主压应力轴、中间应力轴和主张应力轴；红点、绿点、蓝点分别代表95%置信度下σ1、σ2、σ3应力轴的不确定范围；黑色加号代表各子区域应力张量最优解；黑色实线代表断裂a—震前反演结果；b—震后反演结果；
Figure 5. Tectonic stress fields before and after the Wushi M 7.1 earthquake obtained from inversion
(a) Pre-earthquake inversion results; (b) Post-earthquake inversion resultsσ1, σ2, and σ3 represent the maximum compressive, intermediate, and maximum tensile principal stress axes, respectively. Red, green, and blue dots indicate the 95% confidence intervals for σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively. Black plus signs mark the optimal stress tensor solutions for each subregion. Black solid lines denote faults.
图 6 乌什地区应力体系下相对剪应力与相对正应力模拟结果
数字编号对应文献：1—关兆萱等（2024）；2—王雪竹等（2025）；3—李雨森等（2024）；4—柳姣姣等（2025）；5—黄旺等（2024）；6—赵磊等（2024）；7—张喆等（2024）；8—能懿菡等（2025）a—相对剪应力分布；b—相对正应力分布
Figure 6. Simulation results of relative shear stress and relative normal stress under the stress regime of the Wushi region
(a) Relative shear stress distribution; (b) Relative normal stress distributionThe numbers 1–8 represent stress projection results onto the seismogenic fault planes compiled from different studies: 1–Guan et al.(2024); 2–Wang et al.(2025); 3–Li et al.(2024); 4–Liu et al.(2025); 5–Huang et al.(2024); 6–Zhao et al.(2024); 7–Zhang et al.(2024); 8–Nai et al.(2025).
表 1 乌什地区1°×1°网格应力场反演参数
Table 1. Stress field inversion parameters on a 1°×1° grid for the Wushi region
分区 σ1轴 σ2轴 σ3轴 R值 方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）00 192.25 25.24 40.96 61.74 287.93 11.87 0.47 01 175.64 19.58 275.06 24.72 51.56 57.60 0.92 10 173.47 15.19 29.22 71.50 266.30 10.31 0.92 11 169.94 17.60 263.28 10.40 22.48 69.38 0.77 20 183.45 13.01 89.61 16.13 310.56 69.05 0.72 21 168.75 9.23 259.94 7.30 27.74 78.19 0.69 22 168.77 6.85 259.19 3.47 15.90 82.31 0.64 32 176.35 7.60 85.35 7.47 311.37 79.31 0.63 
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表 2 乌什7.1级地震前后构造应力场反演参数
Table 2. Inverted stress field parameters before and after the Wushi M 7.1 earthquake
阶段 σ1轴 σ2轴 σ3轴 R值 方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）方位
角/（°）倾伏
角/（°）震前 180.49 7.36 89.42 8.20 −48.13 78.95 0.79 震后 167.96 7.33 −101.80 1.84 2.22 82.44 0.58
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表 3 不同学者发震断层面参数及应力投影结果
Table 3. Seismogenic fault plane parameters and stress projections from different studies
序号 来源 走向/（°） 倾角/（°） 相对剪应力 相对正应力 1 关兆萱等（2024） 244.62 46.19 0.954 −0.337 2 王雪竹等（2025） 240 54 0.856 −0.535 3 李雨森等（2024） 229.36 62.42 0.748 −0.599 4 柳姣姣等（2025） 230 67 0.669 −0.690 5 黄旺等（2024） 230 48 0.931 −0.258 6 赵磊等（2024） 228 67 0.681 −0.657 7 张喆等（2024） 250 42 0.986 −0.224 8 能懿菡等（2025） 230 55 0.857 −0.444
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