Research and development of a volumetric mining-induced stress monitoring sensor and its application
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摘要: 随着煤矿开采深度持续向千米级推进，采动应力场的动态演化特征成为深部围岩稳定性控制与动力灾害预警的核心难题。为此，文章研发了一种新型体积式采动应力监测传感器，其通过圆柱形传感结构与钻孔围岩完全耦合，突破了传统设备的单轴测量局限，可实时监测围岩体微小变形引起的采动应力变化，显著提升了煤岩体等非均质介质中的采动应力监测敏感性与长期稳定性。实验室测试结果显示，传感器输出压力变化与轴向应力呈高度线性关系，灵敏度达0.456，优于传统应力计。在长期稳定性测试中，高、低应力环境下的压力波动均未出现持续漂移或数据跳变；温度特性实验揭示了温度与压力变化的线性关系，验证了温度补偿公式的普适性。在陕西彬长矿区雅店煤矿的现场应用中，该传感器成功捕捉到回采过程中与开采周期同步的应力波动；在顶板断裂等突发应力事件中，其响应速度与精度显著优于传统设备，且与微震监测数据具有强相关性；在金属矿山硬岩环境测试中，传感器亦展现出长期稳定的监测能力。试验及应用结果表明，该技术可高效捕捉动力灾害前兆信息，在深埋矿山采动应力监测及深埋隧道迟滞型岩爆预警等领域具有广阔应用前景。Abstract:
Objective As coal mining depth continuously advancing to the kilometer level, the dynamic evolution characteristics of mining-induced stress fields have become a crucial challenge for deep surrounding rock stability control and dynamic disaster early warning. Existing traditional monitoring equipment is limited by uniaxial measurement, and suffers from insufficient monitoring sensitivity and poor long-term stability in heterogeneous media such as coal and rock masses, failing to meet the precise monitoring needs of deep mining. Methods This study proposes a new type of volumetric mining-induced stress monitoring sensor. Through complete coupling between its cylindrical sensing structure and the surrounding rock of the borehole, it breaks through the uniaxial measurement limitation of traditional equipment, enabling real-time monitoring of mining-induced stress changes caused by micro-deformations of surrounding rock masses. Results Laboratory tests, field tests, and application results show the following: (1) In laboratory tests, the pressure change output by the sensor shows a highly linear relationship with axial stress, with a sensitivity of 0.456, which is better than that of traditional stress gauges; (2) Long-term stability tests indicate that under high and low stress environments, the sensor’s pressure fluctuations show no continuous drift or data jumps, demonstrating good long-term monitoring stability; (3) Temperature characteristic experiments reveal a linear relationship between temperature and pressure changes, verifying the universality of the temperature compensation formula; (4) In the field application at Yadian Coal Mine in Binchang Mining Area, Shaanxi Province, the sensor successfully captured stress fluctuations synchronized with the mining cycle. In sudden stress events, such as roof fractures, its response speed and accuracy were significantly better than those of traditional equipment, and the monitoring data showed a strong correlation with microseismic monitoring results; (5) Tests in hard rock environments in metal mines also confirmed the sensor's long-term stable monitoring capability. Conclusion (1) The new volumetric mining-induced stress monitoring sensor overcomes the uniaxial measurement limitation of traditional equipment, significantly improving monitoring sensitivity and long-term stability in heterogeneous media; (2) Laboratory tests verify its linear response characteristics, high sensitivity, and temperature adaptability, while field applications prove that it can effectively capture the dynamic evolution characteristics of mining-induced stress; (3) The sensor can work stably in different mining environments such as coal mines and metal mines, showing strong applicability. Significance This research solves the key problems of insufficient monitoring sensitivity and poor long-term stability of mining-induced stress in deep heterogeneous media. It provides reliable technical support for capturing precursor information of dynamic disasters in deep mines and early warning of delayed rockbursts in tunnels, with important scientific value and application innovation. -
图 1 新型采动应力计结构系统示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the structural system of the novel mining-induced stress gauge
(a) Schematic diagram of the structural system; (b) Photo of the sensor prototype
图 2 新型采动应力计−围岩耦合系统示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the novel mining-induced stress gauge and surrounding rock coupling system
图 3 新型应力计施加均匀应力状态时的应力分布
σv—竖直方向应力，σh—水平方向应力，p—应力计内部压力；R—应力计受压变化前的半径；r—应力计受压变化后的半径；σr—径向应力；σθ—环向应力；σh—水平方向应力
Figure 3. Stress distribution of the novel stress gauge under uniform stress state
σv—vertical stress; σh—horizontal stress; p—internal pressure of the stress gauge; R—radius of the stress gauge before compression; r—radius of the stress gauge after compression; σr—ridial stress; σθ—hoop stress；σh—horizontal stress
图 4 型煤试件与新型采动应力计加载示意图
F—载荷
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the loading setup for the briquette specimen and the novel mining-induced stress gauge
F–load
图 5 新型应力计加载数据图
Figure 5. Loading data graph of the novel stress gauge
(a) Plot of applied stress as a function of sensor pressure; (b) Regression curve of applied stress versus sensor pressure
图 6 新型应力计长期稳定性测试曲线
Figure 6. Stability test curve of the novel stress gauge
(a) Laboratory test curve; (b) Field test curve
图 7 新型应力计温度特性测试曲线
Figure 7. Temperature characteristic test curve of the novel stress gauge
(a) At an initial pressure of 6.7 MPa; (b) At an initial pressure of 5.7 MPa
图 9 应力计与日进尺变化曲线图
Figure 9. Variation curves of stress gauge and daily footage
(a) Partial enlarged view; (b) Full life cycle of working face mining
图 10 工作面距测点位置图
Figure 10. Location diagram of the working face relative to the measurement point
图 11 排山楼新民矿区应力计安装位置示意图
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of the installation location of the stress gauge in Paishanlou Xinmin mining area
图 12 排山楼新民矿区新型应力计测试曲线图
Figure 12. Test curve of the novel stress gauge in Paishanlou Xinmin Mining Area
表 1 雅店煤矿4号煤层特征综合表
Table 1. Comprehensive table of characteristics of No. 4 coal seam in Yadian Coal Mine
特征类别 参数指标 详细说明 厚度特征 平均厚度 11.85~12.07 m（特厚煤层） 夹矸特征 局部含泥岩夹矸1~2层，单层厚0.2~0.66 m 力学性质 单轴抗压强度 11.80~16.36 MPa（中硬煤层） 弹性模量 2.54 GPa 泊松比 0.3 地应力特征 水平应力主导（最大主应力15.89 MPa） 裂隙发育特征 构造背景 单斜构造（倾角<5°），无大型断层 导水裂隙带高度 205~214 m（裂采比≤20） 
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