A 4400-year-old extreme paleo-storm surge recorded in the Dongzhai Port Chenier, Hainan Island, China
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摘要: 识别古风暴潮记录与极端风暴增水事件，建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来风暴灾害具有重要的科学和实践意义。已有海南岛风暴潮沉积研究多集中在海南岛东部，而对遭受风暴潮灾害最严重的琼州海峡沿岸海湾和河口湾极端风暴灾害关注较少。文章以海南岛铺前湾南部的东寨港乌树村3.2 m厚的贝壳堤为研究对象，通过沉积构造、贝壳来源、贝壳加速器质谱（Accelerator Mass Spectrometry，AMS） 14C测年、地球化学指标及微体古生物分析，认为贝壳堤记录了4400年前的超强风暴潮与极端增水事件。乌树村贝壳堤沉积于全新世高海平面古海岸线向陆一侧的更新世晚期滨海平原上，9个贝壳14C年龄介于4402~6647 a B.P.之间，年龄倒置且新老共存，贝壳分选良好并具有丘状层理、平行层理、波状层理、冲刷面及软沉积变形构造等。贝壳堤与东寨港新滨海平原钻孔岩芯中化石种属、14C年龄对比分析表明，贝壳堤化石来源于近源的铺前河口湾沉积层。贝壳堤化石年龄、侵蚀冲刷面、软沉积变形构造及全新世海平面变化综合分析表明，乌树村贝壳堤由4400年前多次风暴加积而成，由最高风暴沉积尖灭点高程确定风暴增水至少5.5 m，其增水高度接近1980年穿越琼州海峡的8007号台风在雷州湾的特大风暴潮增水高度（5.9 m）。Abstract:
Objective Establishing a long-term typhoon sequence by identifying ancient storm surge records and extreme storm surge elevation events holds significant scientific and practical value for predicting future storm disasters. Previous research on storm surge deposits has predominantly focused on the eastern part of Hainan Island, while relatively limited attention has been given to the extreme storm events in the coastal bays and estuaries along the Qiongzhou Strait—the areas most severely affected by storm surges. Methods This study investigates a 3.2-m-thick shell ridge in Wushu Village, Dongzhai Port, located in the southern part of Puqian Bay on Hainan Island. Analyses of sedimentary structures, shell origins, AMS 14C dating of shells, geochemical indicators, and microfossile assemblages indicate that the shell ridge records a super-strong storm surge and an extreme surge elevation event that occurred 4,400 years ago. The ridge was deposited on a Late Pleistocene coastal plain landward of the Holocene high-sea-level paleo-coastline. Results The 14C ages of nine shells range from 4,402 to 6,647 a B.P., showing age inversions and the coexistence of older and younger shells. The shells are well-sorted and exhibit hummocky bedding, parallel bedding, wavy bedding, scour surfaces, and soft-sediment deformation structures. Conclusions Comparison of fossil species and shell 14C ages between the shell ridge and drill cores from the new coastal plain of Dongzhai Port indicates that the fossils in the shell ridge originated from the nearby sedimentary layers of the Puqian Bay estuary. Integrated analysis of the fossil ages, erosional scour surfaces, soft-sediment deformation structures, and Holocene sea-level changes suggests that the shell ridge in Wushu Village was formed through multiple storm-induced aggradation events occurring 4,400 years ago. Given the elevation of the highest storm deposit pinch-out point, the storm surge height reached at least 5.5 m. This surge height is close to the extraordinary storm surge height (5.9 m) recorded in Leizhou Bay during Typhoon 8007, which crossed the Qiongzhou Strait in 1980. [Significance] This study provides crucial scientific evidence for the prevention and mitigation of extreme storm surge disasters in Hainan, offering valuable insights for regional disaster risk reduction and coastal management. -
Key words:
- chenier /
- superstorm surge event /
- sedimentary characteristics /
- AMS14C dating /
- Dongzhai; PortHainan
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图 1 东寨港古海岸线与风暴潮贝壳堤剖面位置
Figure 1. Map showing the location of the paleo-shoreline and the storm surge chenier profile in Dongzhai Port, Hainan
图 2 乌树村贝壳堤14C测年样品位置与沉积构造特征
An—粗饰蚶；Pl—海月；S—粉细砂；S0—层理；S1—变形层理；Ea—早期冲刷面；Eb—晚期冲刷面；bs—球状构造；gc—渠模构造；fs—火焰状构造；红圈—14C测年取样位置；WSC-1—WSC-9—14C测年样品编号a—贝壳堤所在地貌部位；b—贝壳堤沉积构造与SU2单元和SU3单元14C测年样品位置；c—贝壳堤沉积构造与SU1单元14C测年样品位置；d—冲刷面及沉积构造；e—冲刷面与伴生的变形构造；f—海月与粗饰蚶产状与保存状况
Figure 2. Locations of 14C dating samples and sedimentary structures of the shell ridge in Wushu Village
(a) Geomorphic position of the shell ridge; (b) Sedimentary structures and 14C sampling locations for units SU2 and SU3; (c) Sedimentary structures and 14C dating sampling locations for unit SU1; (d) Scour surfaces and sedimentary structures; (e) Scour surfaces and associated deformation structures; (f) Occurrence and preservation of Anadara granosa (Linne) and Placuna Placenta (Linne) An—Anadara granosa (Linne); Pl—Placuna Placenta (Linne); S—silt and fine sand; S0—bedding; S1—deformed bedding; Ea—early scour surface; Eb—late scour surface; bs—ball structure; gc—gutter cast; fs—flame structure; Red circles—sampling locations for 14C dating; WSC-1–WSC-9—sample numbers for 14C dating
图 3 乌树村贝壳堤和海滩岩采样位置及化石特征
An—粗饰蚶；Pl—海月；md—海相沉积；cd—陆相沉积；ld—滞留沉积；Ea—早期冲刷面a—ZK13-6钻孔岩芯中的滞留沉积；b—乌树村贝壳堤地球化学取样点；c—乌树村贝壳堤中保存完整的粗饰蚶与海月化石；d—东寨港新滨海平原含丰富海月化石的海相沉积与上覆陆相沉积；e—淤泥质粉砂沉积层中保存完好的海月化石
Figure 3. Sampling locations and fossil characteristics of the shell ridge and beachrock in Wushu Village
(a) Lag deposit in drill core ZK13-6; (b) Geochemical sampling points of the shell ridge in Wushu Village; (c) Intact Anadara granosa (Linne) and Placuna Placenta (Linne) fossils preserved in the shell ridge of Wushu Village; (d) Marine deposit rich in Placuna Placenta (Linne) fossils and overlying continental deposit in the new coastal plain of Dongzhai Port; (e) Well-preserved Placuna Placenta (Linne) fossils in the silty silt deposit layer An—Anadara granosa (Linne); Pl—Placuna Placenta (Linne); md—marine deposit; cd—continental deposit; ld—lag deposit in drill core ZK13-6; Ea—early scour surface
图 4 乌树村贝壳堤AMS 14C年龄随深度变化图与地球化学指标图
An—粗饰蚶；Pl—海月；md—海相沉积；cd—陆相沉积；ld—滞留沉积；Ea—早期冲刷面a—乌树村贝壳堤9个贝壳AMS 14C年龄随深度变化图；b—钻孔ZK13-6地层与贝壳堤地球化学指标对比图
Figure 4. Variation of AMS 14C ages with depth in the shell ridge of Wushu Village, along with geochemical indicators
(a) Graph showing the variation of nine AMS 14C ages of shells with depth in the shell ridge of Wushu Village; (b) Graph comparing geochemical indicators among the strata of drill core ZK13-6 and the shell ridge An—Anadara granosa (Linne)；Pl—Placuna Placenta (Linne); md—marine deposit; cd—continental deposit; ld—lag deposit in drill core ZK13-6; Ea—Early scour surface
图 5 乌树村贝壳堤碎屑与不同环境沉积物稀土元素配分模式图
Figure 5. Rare earth element distribution patterns of sediments from the shell ridge in Wushu Village and from other environmental settings for comparion
表 1 海南东寨港乌树村贝壳堤和钻孔岩芯贝壳AMS 14C定年结果
Table 1. AMS 14C dating results for shells from the shell ridge and borehole cores of Wushu Village, Dongzhai Port, Hainan
位置 样品号 沉积单元 样品深度/cm 测年物质 测量年龄 /a B.P. 校正年龄/a B.P.
（概率95.4％）中值校正年龄 /a B.P. 乌树村贝壳堤 WSC-1 平行层理段
（SU3单元）10 海月 4885±25 4956~5358 5174 WSC-2 100 海月 4559±25 4564~4945 4758 WSC-9 100 粗饰蚶 5832±53 5998~6395 6213 WSC-3 130 海月 6146±76 6307~6775 6545 WSC-4 波状层理段
（SU2单元）160 海月 6080±58 6276~6674 6473 WSC-5 190 海月 5185±26 5325~5667 5514 WSC-6 丘状层理段
（SU1单元）250 海月 6237±47 6441~6851 6647 WSC-8 300 粗饰蚶 5481±81 5588~6080 5827 WSC-7 310 海月 4276±24 4206~4601 4402 新滨海平原钻孔岩芯 ZK13-4-1 贝壳缩聚层 135 螺 5195±40 5329~5696 5523 ZK13-6-2 154 螺 5365±40 5544~5895 5707 ZK13-16-1 180 海月 6060±40 6279~6635 6451 ZK13-17-2 220 海月 5590±40 5761~6160 5957 ZK13-4-13 原位沉积 430 海月 7060±45 7346~7662 7508 ZK13-6-6 430 海月 7005±50 7287~7615 7460 ZK13-16-2 520 海月 6230±45 6437~6841 6639 ZK13-17-3 390 海月 6560±40 6827~7219 7021 
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表 2 乌树村贝壳堤和不同沉积环境沉积物元素含量（μg/g）与参数
Table 2. Element contents (μg/g) and parameters of sediments from the shell ridge in Wushu Village and from other sedimentary environments for comparison
样品号 深度/cm Rb Sr Ba Sr/Ba Sr/Rb LREE/HREE ΣREE δCe δEu WSC-1 310.00 17.30 768.00 109.00 7.05 44.39 7.29 54.27 0.95 0.88 HX13-6-3 50.00 74.70 53.30 271.00 0.19 0.71 8.90 80.02 0.95 0.87 HX13-6-4 75.00 77.20 52.10 246.00 0.21 0.67 8.43 72.21 0.87 0.90 HX13-6-5 100.00 66.10 48.10 212.00 0.23 0.73 8.92 183.18 0.92 0.86 ZK13-6-27 118.00 81.40 66.50 259.00 0.26 0.82 / / / / HX13-6-6 125.00 90.70 73.90 273.00 0.27 0.81 9.31 135.10 0.89 0.93 ZK13-6-28 145.00 82.00 71.50 253.00 0.28 0.87 / / / / HX13-6-7 150.00 67.10 147.00 236.00 0.62 2.19 9.11 117.70 0.92 0.95 ZK13-6-25 162.00 69.30 235.00 215.00 1.09 3.39 / / / / ZK13-6-26 173.00 74.70 219.00 226.00 0.97 2.93 / / / / HX13-6-8 175.00 110.00 119.00 333.00 0.36 1.08 9.26 180.89 0.96 0.94 ZK13-6-30 185.00 103.00 92.40 324.00 0.29 0.90 / / / / ZK13-6-29 193.00 116.00 101.00 348.00 0.29 0.87 / / / / HX13-6-9 200.00 92.40 111.00 316.00 0.35 1.17 9.38 151.69 0.94 0.92 HX13-6-10 225.00 110.00 143.00 345.00 0.41 1.30 9.49 166.44 0.93 0.88 HX13-6-11 250.00 97.70 104.00 314.00 0.33 1.06 9.58 157.25 0.90 0.96 HX13-6-12 275.00 98.70 101.00 322.00 0.31 1.02 9.46 148.58 0.89 0.91 HX13-6-13 300.00 93.40 113.00 326.00 0.35 1.21 9.79 157.76 0.93 0.93 ZK13-6岩芯平均值 88.40 108.80 283.00 0.40 1.28 9.24 140.98 0.92 0.91 中国陆域（赵一阳， 鄢明才，1993） 90.00 200.00 510.00 0.39 2.22 / / / / 南海沿岸泥（赵一阳等，2002） 122.00 128.00 342.00 0.37 1.05 / / / / 南海西北部大陆架（王兆生等，2020） / / / / / 10.30 164.77 0.86 0.97 南海黄岩岛北部（王赛宇，2022） 139.00 171.00 593.00 0.29 1.23 9.08 180.00 1.00 0.67 西太平洋浮石黏土（黄牧，2013） / 309.00 2967.00 0.10 / 3.62 564.34 0.32 1.14 西太平洋钙质软泥（黄牧，2013） / 1082.00 605.00 0.56 / 3.85 37.58 0.42 1.26 西太平洋远洋黏土（黄牧，2013） / 154.00 1152.00 0.13 / 5.91 215.78 0.74 1.17
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