Evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks and oil-source correlation of the Chang 7 and Chang 6 Members of the Yanchang Formation in the Jingbian area, Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地靖边地区延长组7段（长7段）与延长组6段（长6段）是该区重要的烃源岩层系。然而，目前关于这2套烃源岩的生烃潜力及其对油气成藏贡献的系统研究仍较为薄弱，制约了该区勘探工作的进一步深化。此次研究运用地球化学分析手段，系统刻画了靖边地区长7段与长6段烃源岩的展布特征与地球化学性质，并分析了靖边油田延安组9段（延9段）和延长组2段（长2段）原油的地球化学特征。通过对比该区域长7段、长6段烃源岩与湖盆中心张家滩页岩的地球化学指标，明确了延9段和长2段油藏原油的潜在来源。研究结果表明：长7段烃源岩属中等–优质烃源岩，分布广、厚度大，有机质类型以Ⅰ–Ⅱ2型为主，处于成熟阶段。生物标志物特征显示其母质为混合生源输入，沉积环境偏还原、水体盐度较低。较低的Pr/Ph比值与较高的C27/C29规则甾烷比值（C27/C29R）指示长7段烃源岩有机质以水生藻类等低等生物为主，形成于还原性的淡水–微咸水环境。长6段烃源岩为中等–好烃源岩，有机质类型以Ⅱ2–Ⅲ型为主，整体处于低熟–成熟阶段；中等的Pr/Ph比值与较低的C27/C29R则反映其有机质以陆源高等植物输入为主，沉积环境为弱还原环境。油–源对比结果表明，延9段与长2段原油为同源油，主要来源于靖边地区长7段烃源岩，但长6段烃源岩亦存在一定贡献。湖盆中心张家滩页岩的地球化学特征与延9段、长2段原油差异显著，进一步支持原油主要为本地烃源岩所供烃。此次研究为鄂尔多斯盆地靖边地区油气勘探方向优选与资源潜力评价提供了关键地球化学依据。Abstract:
Objective The Chang 7 and Chang 6 Members of the Yanchang Formation in the Jingbian area of the Ordos Basin are important source rock intervals. However, systematic studies on their hydrocarbon generation potential and contributions to hydrocarbon accumulation remain limited, which has hindered further exploration efforts in this region. Therefore, this study applies geochemical analytical methods to systematically characterize the distribution and the geochemical properties of the Chang 7 and Chang 6 source rocks in the Jingbian area. In addition, the geochemical signatures of the crude oils from the Yan 9 and Chang 2 reservoirs in the Jingbian Oilfield were investigated. Methods By comparing the geochemical parameters of the Chang 7 and Chang 6 source rocks in the study area with those of the Zhangjiatan Shale in the basin center, the potential sources of the Yan 9 and Chang 2 reservoir oils were identified through oil–source correlation. Results The Chang 7 source rocks are moderate to excellent-quality source rocks, characterized by wide distribution, large thickness, Type Ⅰ–Ⅱ2 kerogen, and a mature thermal evolution stage. Biomarker characteristics indicate mixed organic matter inputs and deposition under reducing conditions with relatively low salinity. Low Pr/Ph ratios and high C27/C29 regular sterane ratios suggest that the organic matter was predominantly derived from aquatic algae and other lower organisms and accumulated in a reducing freshwater to brackish-water depositional environment. In contrast, the Chang 6 source rocks are moderate to good-quality source rocks, dominated by Type Ⅱ2–Ⅲ kerogen, and generally at the low-maturity to mature stage. Moderate Pr/Ph ratios and relatively low C27/C29 regular sterane ratios indicate a predomint innput of terrigenous higher plantsand deposition under weakly reducing conditions. Oil-source correlation results reveals that the Yan 9 and Chang 2 crude oils have the same originand were primarily sourced from the Chang 7 source rocks, with a minor contribution from the Chang 6 source rocks. The distinct geochemical characteristics of the Zhangjiatan Shale compared with the Yan 9 and Chang 2 crude oils further suggest that the Zhangjiatan Shale was not the major hydrocarbon source for these oils. Conclusions (1) The Chang 7 Member is the primary and high-quality source rock in the Jingbian area, exhibiting advantages over the Chang 6 Member in terms of thickness, lateral distribution, organic matter abundance, and hydrocarbon generation potential. (2) Distinct biomarker signatures differentiate the Chang 7 (aquatic/algal-derived organic matter under reducing conditions), Chang 6 (terrigenous organic matter under weakly reducing conditions), and Zhangjiatan Shale (highly aquatic organic matter under strongly reducing conditions) source rocks. (3) The Yan 9 and Chang 2 crude oils share a common origin and were primarily sourced from local Chang 7 source rocks, with possible minor contributions from the Chang 6 source rocks. These oils show no direct genetic relationship with the Zhangjiatan Shale in the basin center, supporting a predominantly local hydrocarbon charging model in the Jingbian area. [ Significance ] This study provides critical geochemical evidence for understanding the local hydrocarbon system, resolving uncertainties regarding oil sources, and evaluating exploration potential in the Jingbian area of the Ordos Basin. -
Key words:
- Ordos Basin /
- Jingbian area /
- source rock evaluation /
- biomarkers /
- oil-source correlation
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图 1 研究区地理位置图和样品分布图
a—研究区地理位置图；b—研究区样品分布图
Figure 1. Geographical location and sample distribution of the study area
(a) Geographical location map of the study area; (b) Sample distribution map of the study area
图 2 研究区烃源岩岩性特征
a—黑色泥岩；b—含砂泥岩；c—灰黑色泥岩；d—黑色煤屑；e—灰黑色泥岩；f—深灰色泥岩
Figure 2. Lithological characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
(a) Black mudstone, Well Jing 12, Chang 6 Member, 1698.55 m; (b) Sandy mudstone, Well Bao 1, Chang 6 Member, 1786.5 m; (c) Grayish-black mudstone, Well Yang 41, Chang 6 Member, 1642.58 m; (d) Black coal shale, Well Qing 112, Chang 6 Member, 1221.7 m; (e) Grayish-black mudstone, Well Yang 59, Chang 7 Member, 2011.5 m; (f) Dark gray mudstone, Well Yang 59, Chang 7 Member, 2022 m
图 3 研究区长7—长6段综合柱状图
GR—自然伽马；AC—声波时差；SP—自然电位；RT—电阻率a—杨41井综合柱状图；b—靖12井综合柱状图；c—宝1井综合柱状图；d—杨59井综合柱状图
Figure 3. Composite stratigraphic columns of Chang 7 and Chang 6 Members in the study area
(a) Composite stratigraphic column of Well Yang 41; (b) Composite stratigraphic column of Well Jing 12; (c) Composite stratigraphic column Well Bao-1; (d) Composite stratigraphic column of Well Yang 59GR stands for natural gamma-ray, AC for acoustic transit time, SP for spontaneous potential, and RT for resistivity.
图 4 研究区烃源岩TOC含量和生烃潜量（S1+S2）交会图
Figure 4. Cross plot of TOC content vs. hydrocarbon generation potential (S1+S2) of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
图 5 研究区烃源岩Tmax与HI交会图
Tmax 为最大热解峰温
Figure 5. Cross-plot of Tmax vs. HI for hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
Tmax is defined as the maximum pyrolysis peak temperature.
图 6 研究区烃源岩有机质成熟度评价
a—深度和Ro交会图；b—深度和Tmax交会图
Figure 6. Evaluation of organic matter maturity of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
(a) Cross plot of depth vs. Ro; (b) Cross plot of depth vs. Tmax
图 7 研究区综合地球化学连井剖面图
连井剖面纵向按实际深度绘制，横向井位为便于展示采用等间距排列，不代表实际井间距离；实际井位及剖面位置见平面图 a—郝176井长7段综合柱状图；b—茂38井长7段综合柱状图；c—宝1井长7段综合柱状图；d—靖12井长7段综合柱状图；e—杨59井长7段综合柱状图；f—杨41井长7段综合柱状图；g—宝1井长6段综合柱状图；h—杨41井长6段综合柱状图；i—青3井长6段综合柱状图；j—长7段连井平面图；k—长6段连井平面图
Figure 7. Composite geochemical correlation sections of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
The vertical scale of the well correlation profiles represents the actual depth, whereas the wells are equally spaced horizontally for visualization and do not represent the actual interwell distances. The actual well locations and profile positions are shown in the plan-view maps.(a) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Hao 176; (b) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Mao 38; (c) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Bao 1; (d) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Jing 12; (e) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Yang 59; (f) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 7 Member in Well Yang 41; (g) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 6 Member in Well Bao 1; (h) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 6 Member in Well Yang 41; (i) Composite stratigraphic column of the Chang 6 Member in Well Qing 3; (j) Well-log correlation panel of the Chang 7 Member; (k) Well-log correlation panel of the Chang 6 Member
图 8 研究区烃源岩厚度等值线图
a—长6段烃源岩厚度图；b—长7段烃源岩厚度图
Figure 8. Isopach maps of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
(a) Isopach map of the Chang 6 Member source rocks; (b) Isopach map of the Chang 7 Member source rocks
图 9 研究区长6段与长7段典型烃源岩可溶有机质中正构烷烃与类异戊二烯烃分布
Pr—姥鲛烷； Ph—植烷；TIC—总离子流色谱图a—杨41井，长6段，深度1650 m；b—茂38井，长7段，深度1946.4 m；c—靖12井，长6段，深度1706.7 m；d—杨41井，长7段，深度1857.64 m
Figure 9. Distributions of n-alkanes and isoprenoids in soluble organic matter from typical hydrocarbon source rocks of the Chang 6 and Chang 7 Members in the study area
Note:Pr:pristane; Ph:phytane; TIC:total ion chromatogram (a) Well Yang 41, Chang 6 Member, depth 1650 m; (b) Well Mao 38, Chang 7 Member, depth1946.4 m; (c) Well Jing 12, Chang 6 Member, depth1706.7 m; (d) Well Yang 41, Chang 7 Member, depth 1857.64 m
图 10 研究区烃源岩及张家滩页岩Ph/nC18和Pr/nC17关系图
Figure 10. Cross plot of Ph/nC18 vs. Pr/nC17 for hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area and the Zhangjiatan Shale
图 11 研究区长6段与长7段典型烃源岩可溶有机质萜烷与甾烷分布
m/z = 191—萜烷类化合物特征离子；m/z = 217—甾烷类化合物特征离子；C27/C29R—C27与C29规则甾烷相对含量比值；Ga/C30H—伽马蜡烷指数a—杨41井，长6段，深度1706.7 m；b—茂38井，长7段，深度1946.4 m；c—靖12井，长6段，深度1706.7 m；d—杨41井，长7段，深度1857.64 m
Figure 11. Distributions of terpanes and steranes in soluble organic matter from typical hydrocarbon source rocks of the Chang 6 and Chang 7 Members in the study area
(a) Well Yang 41, Chang 6 Member, depth 1650 m; (b) Well Mao 38, Chang 7 Member, depth 1946.4 m; (c) Well Jing 12, Chang 6 Member, depth 1706.7 m; (d) Well Yang 41, Chang 7 Member, depth 1857.64 mm/z = 191: characteristic ion of terpanes; m/z = 217: characteristic ion of steranes; C27/C29R: relative abundance ratio of C27 to C29 regular steranes; Ga/C30H: gammacerane index
图 12 研究区烃源岩与张家滩页岩生物标志化合物参数组合
纵坐标数值表示各生物标志化合物参数的比值a—长6段烃源岩生物标志化合物参数组合；b—长7段烃源岩生物标志化合物参数组合；c—张家滩页岩生物标志化合物参数组合
Figure 12. Characteristic biomarker parameter combinations of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area and the Zhangjiatan Shale (a) Chang 6 Member source rocks; (b) Chang 7 Member source rocks; (c) Zhangjiatan Shale
The ordinate values in the figure represent the ratios of various biomarker parameters
图 13 研究区原油中正构烷烃与类异戊二烯烃、萜烷与甾烷分布
Pr—姥鲛烷； Ph—植烷；TIC—总离子流色谱图；m/z = 191—萜烷类化合物特征离子；m/z = 217—甾烷类化合物特征离子；C27/C29R—C27与C29规则甾烷相对含量比值；Ga/C30H—伽马蜡烷指数a—天21-11井，延9段，深度1032 m；b—天9-21井，长2段，深度1278 m；c—天21-11井，延9段，深度1032 m；d—天9-21井，长2段，深度1278 m；e—天21-11井，延9段，深度1032 m；f—天9-21井，长2段，深度1278 m
Figure 13. Distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, terpanes, and steranes from crude oils in the study area
Note: Pr:pristane; Ph:phytane; TIC:total ion chromatogram; m/z = 191: characteristic ion of terpanes; m/z = 217: characteristic ion of steranes; C27/C29R: relative abundance ratio of C27 to C29 regular steranes; Ga/C30H: gammacerane index(a) Well Tian 21-11, Yan 9 Member, depth 1032 m; (b) Well Tian 9-21, Chang 2 Member, depth 1278 m; (c) Well Tian 21-11, Yan 9 Member, depth 1032 m; (d) Well Tian 9-21, Chang 2 Member, depth 1278 m; (e) Well Tian 21-11, Yan 9 Member, depth 1032 m; (f) Well Tian 9-21, Chang 2 Member, depth 1278 m
图 14 研究区原油C29-αββ/(ααα+αββ)和C29-20S/(20S+20R)关系图
Figure 14. Cross plot of C29-αββ/(ααα+αββ) vs. C29-20S/(20S+20R) from crude oil in the study area
图 15 原油与烃源岩生物标志化合物对比图
a—C30D/C30H 和 C30M/C30H交会图；b—Pr/Ph vs. Pr/nC17交会图；c—Pr/Ph vs. C27/C29R交会图；d—C27, C28 和C29三角图
Figure 15. Comparison of biomarkers between crude oils and hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
(a) Cross plot of C30D/C30H vs. C30M/C30H; (b) Cross plot of Pr/Ph vs. Pr/nC17; (c) Cross plot of Pr/Ph vs. C27/C29R; (d) Ternary diagram of C27, C28, and C29
表 1 研究区烃源岩地球化学数据
Table 1. Geochemical data of hydrocarbon source rocks in the study area
层位 TOC含量/% S1+S2/(mg/g) Tmax/℃ HI/(mg/g) Ro/% 丰度评价 长6段 $\dfrac{0.42～7.05}{2.26(21)} $ $\dfrac{0.87～18.88}{5.74(21)} $ $\dfrac{438～454}{446(21)} $ $\dfrac{41～1009}{179(21)} $ $\dfrac{0.84～0.89}{0.86(13)} $ 中等—好 长7段 $\dfrac{0.68～8.46}{2.84(62)} $ $\dfrac{1.02～47.93}{13.15(62)} $ $\dfrac{438～461}{451(62)} $ $\dfrac{67～1236}{344(62)} $ $\dfrac{0.86～0.9}{0.88(15)} $ 中等—优质 注：$ \dfrac{0.42～7.05}{2.26\left(21\right)} $表示$ \dfrac{最小值～最大值}{平均值（样品数）} $ 
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表 2 研究区烃源岩生物标志化合物数据
Table 2. Selected molecular parameters from source rock samples in the study area
井号 深度 层位 样品类型 A B C D E F G H I 杨41 1741.9 m 长6段 泥岩 0.26 0.45 1.11 0.12 0.15 0.83 0.35 1.05 0.51 青3 976.9 m 长6段 泥岩 0.39 0.26 1.15 0.12 0.14 0.78 0.46 0.99 0.39 靖12 1706.7 m 长6段 泥岩 0.59 0.45 2.10 0.26 0.13 0.67 0.32 0.97 0.65 杨41 1650.0 m 长6段 泥岩 0.52 0.40 1.16 0.20 0.06 0.97 0.18 1.10 0.70 茂38 1946.4 m 长7段 泥岩 0.72 0.27 0.85 0.27 0.06 1.11 0.36 0.65 0.41 郝176 2282.6 m 长7段 泥岩 1.23 0.23 0.96 0.19 0.18 0.85 0.45 0.68 0.68 杨59 2021.8 m 长7段 泥岩 0.63 0.36 0.80 0.33 0.18 0.71 0.39 0.52 0.76 杨41 1855.0 m 长7段 泥岩 0.68 0.34 0.88 0.25 0.13 1.23 0.28 0.78 0.58 青3 979.5 m 长7段 泥岩 0.92 0.38 0.86 0.27 0.14 0.98 0.34 0.57 0.42 郝176 2277.3 m 长7段 泥岩 1.33 0.24 0.84 0.18 0.17 0.84 0.47 0.64 0.72 注：A为nC21−/nC22+；B为Pr/nC17；C为Pr/Ph；D为Ph/nC18；E为Ga/C30H；F为C27/C29R；G为C27重排甾烷/（重排甾烷+规则甾烷）；H为C30D/C30H；I为C30M/C30H
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表 3 研究区原油生物标志化合物数据
Table 3. Selected molecular parameters from crude oil in the study area
井名 深度 层位 样品类型 A B C D E F G H I J K 新161井 1118 m 延9段 原油 0.87 0.15 0.31 0.31 0.86 1.07 0.29 0.51 0.51 0.48 0.64 天26-141井 1011 m 延9段 原油 0.73 0.13 0.49 0.49 0.91 0.93 0.29 0.51 0.52 0.66 0.68 杨45-11井 1000 m 延9段 原油 0.85 0.21 0.36 0.41 0.79 0.96 0.32 0.51 0.51 0.46 0.41 天21-11井 1032 m 延9段 原油 0.74 0.13 0.44 0.44 0.85 1.13 0.28 0.53 0.50 0.52 0.38 杨加41-151井 1026 m 延9段 原油 0.92 0.13 0.36 0.39 0.85 1.06 0.28 0.50 0.53 0.37 0.53 天9-21井 1278 m 长2段 原油 0.82 0.13 0.33 0.38 0.78 0.98 0.23 0.53 0.50 0.42 0.59 天11-20井 1284 m 长2段 原油 0.77 0.14 0.33 0.40 0.76 1.14 0.24 0.53 0.50 0.38 0.62 注：A为nC21−/nC22+；B为Ga/C30H；C为Pr/nC17；D为Ph/nC18；E为Pr/Ph；F为C27/C29R；G为C27重排甾烷/（重排甾烷+规则甾烷）；H为C29-αββ/(ααα+αββ)；I为C29-20S/(20S+20R)；J为C30M/C30H；K为C30D/C30H
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