Analysis of ore-controlling structures and mineralization prediction of the Guocheng gold deposit in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin
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摘要: 胶东半岛是中国最大的金矿矿集区，也是全球第三大金矿富集区。区内绝大部分金矿床形成于早白垩世，受北东—北北东走向正断层控制，然而，该区大型金矿床主要分布于胶西北，胶东东部金矿探明储量相对较少。郭城金矿是位于胶莱盆地东北缘的一个中型金矿床，矿区内构造复杂且以断裂构造为主，矿体主要产于断层内，但分布规律性较差，控矿规律有待深入研究。文章通过详细的地表和井下构造调查发现，矿体受控于逆冲断裂系统，主要赋存于荆山群大理岩和牧牛山花岗岩内。精细构造解析表明，矿区经历了多期次的缩短和伸展变形：第一期北西—南东向挤压作用形成了矿区北东向主断层及一系列次级断层；第二期北西—南东向伸展作用导致北东向中基性岩墙群侵位、以土堆断裂为代表的正断层发育，以及北东向先存断层的伸展活化；第三期为北东—南西向缩短变形，形成了一系列破矿断层和先存断层的再活动。该研究厘定了北东向断层为主要控矿断层，建立了含矿断层与郭城断裂、后夼东断裂间的耦合关系，提出了容矿构造属于北东向主断裂下盘的张剪性次级构造。该结论也预测了后夼东断裂下盘的工程空白区存在潜在矿体，并得到钻探工程的成功验证。结合前期研究成果发现，郭城金矿床尽管也形成于早白垩世，但其控矿构造特征与胶西北金矿床具有明显的差异，指示胶东半岛金成矿期的伸展变形具有明显的不均一性。因此，成矿前北西—南东向挤压作用形成的逆冲断裂系统在胶东东部地区也是一种重要的控矿构造。Abstract:
Objective The Jiaodong Peninsula is the largest gold metallogenic province in China and represents the third-largest gold enrichment region globally. Most gold deposits in this area formed during the Early Cretaceous and are significantly controlled by NNE–NE trending normal faults. Notably, there are more limited gold reserves from the east of the Jiaodong Peninsula compared with those from the northwestern region. The Guocheng gold deposit with a medium size is located in the northeast of the Jiaolai Basin and develops complex fault structures. These gold ore bodies are mainly hosted within faults but show poor distribution regularity. Thus, it is necessary to determine the ore-controlling structures. Methods Through detailed surface and underground geological investigations and structural analysis, this study reveals that ore bodies are primarily controlled by a thrust-faulting system and are mainly hosted within marbles of the Jingshan Group and Muniushan granitic pluton. Results Precise structural analysis reveals that the study area had undergone at least three-stage tectonic activities. The first stage (D1) was driven by nearly NW–SE compression and formed NE-trending faults and a series of associated secondary faults. The second stage (D2) involved the NW–SE extension, which developed numerous NE-trending intermediate-basic dike swarms and resulted in the development of the Tudui faults and extensional reactivation of NE-trending faults. During the third stage (D3), the nearly NE-SW compression formed some post-ore-formation structures, including new reverse faults and reactivated pre-existing structures. Conclusion This study identifies NE-trending faults as principal ore-controlling structures, and proposes the coupling relationships between ore-bearing faults and the Guocheng and Houkuangdong faults. These main ore-bearing structures belong to the tensional-shear secondary faults in the footwalls of the Guocheng and Houkuangdong faults. The conclusion predicts that there are potential ore bodies in the footwall of the Houkuangdong Fault, which is also further confirmed by the drilling project. [Significance] Although the Guocheng gold deposit was also formed in the Early Cretaceous, the ore-controlling structures in this region are obviously different from the northwestern of the Jiaodong Peninsula, suggesting the heterogeneity of extension deformation in the Jiaodong Peninsula during the mineralization stage. Therefore, the thrust-faulting system may be one of the key ore-controlling structures in the east of the Jiaodong Peninsula. -
图 1 胶东半岛构造位置与区域地质图
a—华北克拉通金矿分布图（据朱日祥等，2015修改）；b—胶东半岛区域地质简图（据Deng et al.，2020a修改）
Figure 1. Tectonic location and regional geologic maps of the Jiaodong Peninsula
(a) Distribution map of major gold deposits in the North China Craton (modified from Zhu et al., 2015); (b) Regional geologic map of the Jiaodong Peninsula (modified from Deng et al., 2020a)
图 2 胶莱盆地东北缘金矿区地质简图（据Chen et al.，2024修改）
Figure 2. Geological sketch map of the gold mining area in the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin （modified from Chen et al.，2024）
图 3 土堆−东刘家金矿区矿床地质简图
Figure 3. Geological sketch map of the Tudui–Dongliujia gold mining area
图 4 矿区断裂和岩墙照片
S0—层理；F—断层面；L—擦痕线理；σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力；红色箭头代表断层剪切方向a—郭城断裂野外露头；b—郭城断裂剖面示意图；c—郭城断裂断面照片和断层面解示意图；d—郭城断裂断层岩岩芯照片；e—土堆断裂野外露头和断层面解图；f—闪长玢岩岩墙侵入荆山群大理岩中；g—闪长玢岩岩墙穿切大理岩中的容矿断层；h—闪长玢岩岩墙穿切花岗岩中的容矿断层；i—破矿断层切割辉绿岩岩墙
Figure 4. Photographs of faults and dikes in the mining area
(a) Field outcrop of the Guocheng fault; (b) Schematic cross-section diagram of the Guocheng fault; (c) Field photos of the Guocheng fault and fault plane solutions; (d) Core photos of fault rocks from the Guocheng fault (e) Field outcrop and fault plane solutions of the Tudui fault; (f) Diorite porphyry dike intruding into the marble of the Jingshan Group; (g) Diorite porphyry dike cross-cutting the ore-hosting fault in the marble; (h) Diorite porphyry dike cutting through the ore-hosting fault in the granite (i) The ore-breaking fault cutting through the diabase dike S0–bedding; F–fault plane; L–slickenside lineation; σ1–the maximum principal stress; σ2–the intermediate principal stress; σ3–the minimum principal stress; The red arrow indicates the shear direction along the fault plane
图 5 土堆矿区不同矿体构造特征
F—断层面；L—擦痕线理；σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力；红色箭头代表断层剪切方向a—T3-1矿体容矿构造面极点图和走向玫瑰花图；b—T3-1矿体容矿断层解析图；c—T3-2矿体照片及构造解析图；d—T3-2矿体照片和构造解析图；e—T3-2矿体顶板断层面擦痕和断层面解图；f—正断层切割矿体
Figure 5. Structural features of different ore bodies in the Tudui mining area
(a) Pole plot of the T3-1 orebody and their rose diagram of the strike; (b) Structural analysis of the T3-1 ore-hosting fault (c) Photographs and structural analysis of the T3-2 orebody; (d) Photographs and structural analysis of the T3-2 orebody; (e) Slickenlines and fault plane solutions of the T3-2 orebody; (f) Normal fault cutting through the orebody F–fault plane; L–slickenside lineation; σ1–the maximum principal stress; σ2–the intermediate principal stress; σ3–the minimum principal stress; The red arrow indicates the shear direction along the fault plane
图 6 东刘家矿区不同矿体构造特征
F—断层面；L—擦痕线理；σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力；红色箭头代表断层剪切方向a—DL2矿体容矿构造产状极点图和走向玫瑰花图；b—H5矿体构造特征和产状统计图；c—H5矿体容矿断层特征；d—H3-1矿体容矿构造和产状统计图；e—H4矿体照片和产状统计图； f—H3-1矿体构造面擦痕和断层面解图
Figure 6. Structural features of different ore bodies in the Dongliujia mining area
(a) Pole plot of the DL2 orebody and their rose diagram of the strike; (b) Structural characteristics and attitude statistics of the H5 orebody; (c) Structural feature of the H5 orebody; (d) Structure and attitude statistical diagram of the H3-1 orebody; (e) Photographs and statistical attitudes for the H4 orebody; (f) Slickenlines and fault plane solutions of the H3-1 orebody F–Fault plane; L–Slickenside lineation; σ1—the maximum principal stress; σ2–the intermediate principal stress; σ3–the minimum principal stress; The red arrow indicates the shear direction along the fault plane
图 7 控矿构造古应力反演汇总图
σ1—最大主应力；σ2—中间主应力；σ3—最小主应力；根据野外两期擦痕交切关系，将每个矿体控矿构造数据分成对应的2个数据集，汇总解析得到古应力场
Figure 7. Synthesis map of paleostress inversion for ore-controlling structures
σ1–the maximum principal stress; σ2–the intermediate principal stress; σ3–the minimum principal stress; Based on the cross-cutting relationships of two-phase slickensides observed in the field, the ore-controlling structural data of each ore body are categorized into two corresponding datasets. A comprehensive analysis of these datasets is conducted to reconstruct the paleostress field.
图 8 郭城金矿主控断层解析
a—矿体的走向玫瑰花图；b—郭城断裂剖面与矿体在里德尔剪切系统中的配套关系图；c—郭城矿区广域电磁法物探剖面图；d—后夼东断裂剖面与矿体在里德尔剪切系统中的配套关系图
Figure 8. Structural analysis of the major ore-controlling fault in the Guocheng gold deposit
(a) Strike rose diagram of the orebodies; (b) Cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating the structural association between the Guocheng fault and ore bodies within the Riedel shear system; (c) The geophysical prospecting profile diagram of the wide-area electromagnetic method in the Guocheng mining area.; (d) Cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating the structural association between the Houkuangdong fault and ore bodies within the Riedel shear system
图 9 郭城金矿构造控矿模型
Figure 9. Ore-controlling structural model of the Guocheng gold deposit
表 1 郭城金矿构造期次与演化一览表
Table 1. List of tectonic periods and evolution of the Guocheng gold deposit
构造期次 变形时代 构造变形 古应力方向 构造背景 D1 150~135 Ma 郭城断裂和不同矿体的容矿断层 北西—南东向挤压 伊佐奈岐板块北西向低角度俯冲 D21 128~116 Ma 含金流体迁移和沉淀成矿 北西—南东向缩短向伸展转换 古太平洋板块俯冲方向改变 D22 118~114 Ma 土堆断裂等破矿正断层、郭城断裂伸展活动、
中基性岩墙群北西—南东向伸展 古太平洋板块后撤 D3 65~55 Ma 容矿断层再活动和切割岩墙的逆冲断层等 北东—南西向挤压 伊佐奈岐和古太平洋板块间的洋脊俯冲 
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