Study on the pore structure characteristics of interbedded shale oil and formation mechanisms of high-quality shale oil reservoirs in the Chang 7 Member, Yanchang Formation, Ansai Oilfield
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地安塞油田面临常规油气资源潜力匮乏、储量接替难度大的难题，目前增储的主要目标为页岩油储层。延长组7段（长7段）作为安塞油田的关键开发层系，其孔隙结构直接控制着储层质量，进而对页岩油开发产生显著影响。以安塞油田长7段夹层型页岩油储层为研究对象，通过开展扫描电镜、铸体薄片、低温氮气吸附、高压压汞和核磁共振等实验，明确不同尺寸孔隙对于储层品质的影响，并从沉积环境与成岩作用的角度揭示储层成因。研究结果表明，储层孔隙类型主要有长石溶孔、残余粒间孔、粒间溶孔、黏土晶间孔以及少量的微裂缝；其中长石溶孔主要发育微米级孔隙，而黏土晶间孔以纳米级孔隙为主。储层整体排驱压力较高，进汞饱和度较低，孔喉半径以纳米级为主，孔径在500 μm以下的孔隙多呈开放型的平行板状和狭缝形，同时发育少量的墨水瓶型孔隙。储层孔径主要小于300 μm，且随着物性变好，储层内较大尺寸的孔隙占比也在逐渐增大。优质储层的成因主要划分为2类：东北方向靠近物源，水动力强，岩石颗粒分选性好，储层内容易发育绿泥石膜，而绿泥石膜可以保护颗粒间的原生粒间孔，压实作用后可保留较多的残余粒间孔而形成优质储层；西南方向远离物源方向，水体深度增加，水动力变弱，因靠近烃源岩发育区，储层容易被烃源岩产生的有机酸溶蚀改造，发育较多溶蚀孔隙，从而形成优质储层。研究成果可为安塞油田页岩油藏的高效勘探开发提供支持。Abstract:
Objective As a key producing horizon of the Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin , the pore structure of Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation directly controls reservoir quality, and consequently influences shale oil productivity. The Ansai Oilfield is facing depleted conventional resource and difficult reserve replacement, making shale oil reservoirs the main target for reserve growth. Therefore, characterizing the pore structure and constraining the genesis of different reservoirs is of great significance for oilfield exploration and development. Methods Targeting the interbedded shale oil reservoirs in the Chang 7 Member of the Ansai Oilfield, we carried out experiments including scanning electron microscopy, casting thin sections, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, high-pressure mercury intrusion, and nuclear magnetic resonance, to identify the influence of pore size on the quality of the reservoirs, and to reveal the genesis of different reservoirs from the perspectives of depositional environment and diagenesis. Results The reservoir pores are predominantly composed of feldspar pores, residual intergranular pores, intergranular pores, clay intergranular pores, and a small number of microcracks. The feldspar pores are mainly micrometer-sized, while clay intergranular pores are dominantly nanometer-sized. The reservoir exhibits relatively high discharge pressures and low mercury injection saturation, with pore-throat radii predominantly at the nanometer scale. Most pores with diameters below 500 μm are open-type parallel plate-shaped and slit-shaped, with a small number of ink-bottle-type pores also developed. The pore sizes in the reservoir are predominantly below 300 μm, and as physical properties improve, the proportion of larger pores gradually increases. Conclusion The genesis of high-quality reservoirs can be categorized into two types. In the northeast, closer to the provenance area, strong hydrodynamic conditions lead to better sorting of rock particles, facilitating the development of chlorite coatings within the reservoir. These chlorite coatings can protect primary intergranular pores between particles, allowing more residual intergranular pores to be preserved after compaction, thus forming high-quality reservoirs. In contrast, the southwest area, being farther from the provenance, exhibits increasing water depth and weaker hydrodynamics. Due to its proximity to the source rock development zone, the reservoir is more susceptible to dissolution of organic acids from hydrocarbon source rocks, leading to the formation of numerous dissolution pores and the development of high-quality reservoirs. [ Significance ] The study can support the efficient exploration and development of shale reservoirs in the region. -
图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地安塞油田位置及地层岩性综合柱状图
a—安塞油田位置；b—地层岩性综合柱状图
Figure 1. Comprehensive bar chart of the location and lithology of the Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin
(a) The location of the Ansai Oilfield; (b) Comprehensive column chart of the stratigraphic lithology in the Ansai area
图 2 安塞油田长7段页岩油储层岩石类型三端元图
Figure 2. Ternary diagram of rock types for shale oil reservoirs of the Chang 7 Member in the Ansai Oilfield
图 3 安塞油田三叠系长7段储层孔隙度和渗透率分布与交会图
a—孔隙度分布直方图；b—渗透率分布直方图；c—孔隙度与渗透率交汇图
Figure 3. Distribution and crossplot of porosity and permeability for the Triassic Chang 7 Member reservoir, Ansai Oilfield
(a) Porosity distribution histogram ; (b) Permeability distribution histogram ; (c) Crossplot of reservoir porosity and permeability
图 4 安塞油田长7段夹层型页岩油储层的主要储集空间类型
a—S12样品，Q129井1667.94 m，铸体薄片；b—S1样品，D199井1324.95 m，铸体薄片；c—S2样品，D199井1339.20 m，铸体薄片；d—S3样品，D199井1357.33 m，铸体薄片；e—S17样品，W538井1626.10 m，扫描电镜；f—S7样品，H15井1654.05 m，铸体薄片
Figure 4. Primary types of reservoir spaces in the interbedded shale oil reservoir of the Chang 7 Member, Ansai Oilfield
(a) S1, D199well, 1324.95m, cast sheet; (b) S2, D199well, 1339.2m, cast sheet; (c) S3, D199well, 1357.33m, cast sheet; (d) S7, H15well, cast sheet; (e) S12, Q129well, 1667.94m, scanning electron microscope; (f) S17, W538well, 1626.1m, cast sheet
图 5 安塞油田长7段页岩油储层6个典型样品的吸附−脱附曲线
a—S1样品，D199井1324.95 m，H3型；b—S4样品，D199井1383.20 m，H3型；c—S6样品，H15井，1644.17 m，H3-H2过渡型；d—S13样品，W538井1620.56 m，H3型；e—S14样品，W538井1623.66 m，H3型；f—S16样品，W538井1625.75 m，H3—H2过渡型
Figure 5. Adsorption–desorption curves of six typical samples from the Chang 7 shale oil reservoir, Ansai Oilfield
(a) S1, Well D199, 1324.95 m, H3type; (b) S4, Well D199, 1383.2 m, H3type; (c) S6, Well H15, 1644.17 m, H3–H2 transitional type; (d) S13, Well W538, 1620.56 m, H3type; (e) S14, Well W538, 1623.66 m, H3type; (f) S16, Well W538, 1625.75 m, H3–H2 transitional type
图 6 安塞油田长7段页岩油储层6个典型样品的BJH孔径分布
Figure 6. BJH pore size distribution of six typical samples from the Chang 7 shale oil reservoir, Ansai Oilfield
图 7 安塞油田长7段致密油储层典型样品高压压汞曲线与孔喉分布特征
a—高压压汞曲线；b—孔喉分布特征
Figure 7. Characteristics of high-pressure mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) curves and pore-throat distribution in tight oil reservoir samples from the Chang 7 Member, Ansai Oilfield
(a) High pressure mercury injection curves; (b) Pore-throat distribution characteristics
图 8 安塞油田长7段页岩油储层典型样品T2谱及典型样品镜下照片
a—Ⅰ类样品T2谱分布；b—S12样品，Q129井1667.94 m，铸体薄片；c—S17样品，W538井1626.10m，铸体薄片；d—Ⅱ类样品T2谱分布；e—S7样品，H15井1654.05 m，铸体薄片；f—S1样品，D199井1324.95 m，扫描电镜；g—Ⅲ类样品T2谱分布；h—S9样品，H15井1685.49 m，铸体薄片；i—S15样品，W538井1625.00 m，扫描电镜
Figure 8. T2 spectra and microscopic images of typical samples from the shale oil reservoir in the Chang 7 Member, Ansai Oilfield
(a) T2 spectrum distribution of I-type samples; (b) S12, Well Q129, 1667.94 m, cast sheet; (c) S17, Well W538, 1626.1 m, cast sheet; (d) T2 spectrum distribution of Ⅱ-type samples; (e) S7, Well H15, 1654.05 m, cast sheet; (f) S1, Well D199, 1324.95 m, scanning electron microscope; (g) T2 spectrum distribution of Ⅲ-type samples; (h) S9, Well H15, 1685.49 m, cast sheet; (i) S15, Well W538, 1625 m, scanning electron microscope
图 9 联合LTNA和NMR表征安塞油田长7段页岩油储层多尺度孔径分布
a—S10样品，Q129井1622.46 m；b—S7样品，H15井1654.05 m；c—S4样品，D199井1383.20 m
Figure 9. Multiscale pore-size distribution of the Chang 7 shale oil reservoir in the Ansai Oilfield characterized by integrated LTNA and NMR methods
a—S10, Well Q129, 1622.46 m; b—S7, Well H15, 1654.05 m; c—S4, Well D199, 1383.2 m
图 10 安塞油田长7段页岩油储层的核磁共振多尺度孔径表征
Figure 10. Multiscale pore-size characterization of the Chang 7 shale oil reservoir in tthe Ansai Oilfield, via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
图 11 安塞地区长7段沉积微相和砂体厚度平面展布图
a—安塞地区长7段砂体厚度图；b—安塞地区长7段沉积微相图
Figure 11. Planar distribution of sedimentary microfacies and sand body thickness in the Chang 7 Member, Ansai area
(a) Thickness map of the sand body of the Chang 7 member; (b) Sedimentary microfacies map of the Chang 7 Member
图 12 安塞地区长7段夹层型页岩油储层典型样品铸体薄片及孔径分布
a—S2样品，D199井，1339.2 m，铸体薄片；b—S2样品NMR孔径分布；c—S2样品，D199井，1339.2 m，铸体薄片；d—S12样品，Q129井，1667.94 m，铸体薄片；e—S12样品NMR孔径分布；f—S15样品NMR孔径分布；g—S15样品，W538井，1625 m，铸体薄片；h—S6样品NMR孔径分布；i—S6样品，H15井1644.17 m，铸体薄片
Figure 12. Thin sections and pore size distribution of typical samples from the Chang 7 interlayered shale oil reservoir in the Ansai area
(a) S2, Well D199, 1339.2 m, cast sheet; (b) S2 nuclear magnetic aperture distribution; (c) S2, Well D199, 1339.2 m, cast sheet; (d) S12, Well Q129, 1667.94 m, cast sheet; (e) S12 nuclear magnetic aperture distribution; (f) S15 nuclear magnetic aperture distribution; (g) S15, Well W538, 1625 m, cast sheet; (h) S6 nuclear magnetic aperture distribution; (i) S6, Well H15, 1644.17 m, cast sheet
图 13 压实损失孔隙度和胶结损失孔隙度交汇图
Figure 13. Crossplot of compaction-reduced porosity vs. cementation-reduced porosity
图 14 压实损失孔隙度、溶蚀增加孔隙度与各种矿物含量、分选系数以及二者的关系图
a—压实损失孔隙度与石英含量关系图；b—压实损失孔隙度与长石含量关系图；c—压实损失孔隙度与云母含量关系图；d—压实损失孔隙度与岩屑含量关系图；e—压实损失孔隙度与杂基含量关系图；f—压实损失孔隙度与分选系数关系图；g—溶蚀增加孔隙度与长石含量关系图；h—溶蚀增加孔隙度与硅质胶结物含量关系图；i—溶蚀增加孔隙度与压实损失孔隙度关系图
Figure 14. Crossplots of compaction-reduces porosity vs. mineral contents and sorting coefficient, dissolution-enhanced porosity vs. mineral contents, and compaction-reduced porosity vs.dissolution-enhanced porosity
(a) Compaction-induced porosity vs. quartz particle content; (b) Compaction-induced porosity vs. eldspar particle content; (c) Compaction-induced porosity vs. mica content; (d) Compaction-induced porosity vs. detritus content; (e) Compaction-induced porosity vs. matrix content; (f) Compaction-induced porosity vs. separation coefficient; (g) dissolution-enhanced porosity vs. feldspar particle content; (h) dissolution-enhanced porosity vs. siliceous cement content; (i) dissolution-enhanced porosity vs. compaction-induced porosity
图 15 安塞油田长7段Q129井（S12样品采样点）单井综合柱状图
Figure 15. Comprehensive columnar chart of Well Q129 (S12 sampling point) in the Chang 7 Member, Ansai Oilfield
表 1 安塞油田长7段致密砂岩样品信息
Table 1. Information on tight sandstone samples from the Chang 7 Member in the Ansai Oilfield
序号 样品编号 井号 深度/m 层位 岩性 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD 1 S1 D199 1324.95 长71 长石细砂岩 10.681 0.0498 2 S2 D199 1339.20 长72 长石中砂岩 10.428 0.0618 3 S3 D199 1357.33 长72 长石细—中砂岩 9.545 0.0653 4 S4 D199 1383.20 长73 长石细砂岩 5.599 0.0265 5 S5 D199 1399.25 长73 长石细砂岩 5.649 0.0284 6 S6 H15 1644.17 长73 长石细砂岩 3.662 0.0377 7 S7 H15 1654.05 长73 长石细—中砂岩 10.947 0.0457 8 S8 H15 1672.50 长73 长石细砂岩 7.629 0.0195 9 S9 H15 1685.49 长73 长石细—中砂岩 / / 10 S10 Q129 1622.46 长72 长石细—中砂岩 5.683 0.0844 11 S11 Q129 1666.88 长73 长石细砂岩 5.971 0.0995 12 S12 Q129 1667.94 长73 长石细砂岩 6.944 0.1015 13 S13 W538 1620.56 长72 长石细—中砂岩 12.165 0.1367 14 S14 W538 1623.66 长72 长石细砂岩 5.556 0.0469 15 S15 W538 1625.00 长72 长石细砂岩 4.804 0.0227 16 S16 W538 1625.75 长72 长石中砂岩 / / 17 S17 W538 1626.10 长72 长石中砂岩 6.760 0.0225 
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