南秦岭佛坪穹隆南缘韧性剪切带构造变形及其年代学研究

余坷成; 孙圣思; 董云鹏; 惠博; 程超; 张彬; 张一宁; 李欣雨

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025008

南秦岭佛坪穹隆南缘韧性剪切带构造变形及其年代学研究

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025008

余坷成^{1, 2,},
孙圣思^{1, 2, ,},
董云鹏^{1, 2},
惠博^{1, 2},
程超^{1, 2},
张彬^{1, 2},
张一宁^{1, 2},
李欣雨^{1, 2}

1.
大陆演化与早期生命全国重点实验室，陕西西安 710069
2.
西北大学地质学系，陕西西安 710069

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42330310，42372257）

详细信息

作者简介:
余坷成（1999—），男，在读硕士，从事构造地质学方向研究。Email：15695431357@163.com

通讯作者:
孙圣思（1985—），女，博士，教授，从事构造地质学、岩石流变学方向研究。Email：shsun@nwu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P548；P597+.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-03
- 修回日期: 2025-03-23
- 录用日期: 2025-03-24
- 预出版日期: 2025-03-27
- 刊出日期: 2025-06-28

Structural deformation and geochronology of the ductile shear zone along the southern margin of the Foping dome, South Qinling

YU Kecheng^{1, 2
,},
SUN Shengsi^{1, 2
, ,},
DONG Yunpeng^{1, 2},
HUI Bo^{1, 2},
CHENG Chao^{1, 2},
ZHANG Bin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Yining^{1, 2},
LI Xinyu^{1, 2}

1.
National Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
2.
Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42330310 and 42372257)

摘要

摘要: 秦岭造山带中段佛坪地区集中发育麻粒岩−混合岩−片麻岩穹隆，是研究大陆地壳变质变形和秦岭中生代构造演化的关键地区。秧田坝−十亩地韧性剪切带位于佛坪穹隆南部，记录了晚三叠世末挤压伸展转换阶段中的中—深构造层次变质变形的信息，能够为探讨佛坪穹隆隆升机制提供依据。文章通过构造解析、矿物地球化学、矿物晶格优选方位以及年代学等手段对剪切带典型变质变形岩石样品展开研究。野外观测以及运动学涡度分析指示剪切带发育受控于纯剪切作用的右行韧性剪切变形。长英质糜棱岩中石英主要发育柱面<a>滑移系与柱面<c>滑移系，表明变形发生在约550~650 ℃的角闪岩相条件下。变质矿物组合特征以及石榴子石−黑云母−斜长石温压计的计算结果指示顺时针的P−T路径，峰期变质条件为568~611 ℃/5.2~5.3 kbar，630~654 ℃/7.1~7.9 kbar，等温降压阶段M2的温压条件为590~616 ℃/3.5~4.5 kbar。剪切带中混合岩化浅色体锆石U-Pb测年结果为 180.8 ± 3.8 Ma，代表韧性剪切变形的下限。结合区域地质资料，研究认为南秦岭佛坪地区经历的变质变形作用如下：~210 Ma以前该区处于碰撞造山阶段，强烈地壳增厚形成递进变质事件（M1）；210~200 Ma期间佛坪地区进入由碰撞造山向碰撞后伸展的构造体制转换阶段，水平缩短与垂向垮塌的双向应力导致佛坪南缘秧田坝−十亩地地区发育韧性剪切变形（D1），并开始发生等温降压变质事件M2；到~180 Ma，该区进入碰撞后伸展阶段，在区域北段发生减压部分熔融；随后在韧性剪切带折返过程中，糜棱面理进一步受到晚期褶皱变形（D2）的改造。研究成果可为探讨佛坪穹隆南部在晚三叠世—早侏罗世构造转换过程中变质变形响应细节过程提供参考。
- 南秦岭 /
- 中生代 /
- 韧性剪切带 /
- 构造变形 /
- 矿物组构 /
- 温压条件 /
- 年代学
Abstract: Objective A typical granulite–migmatite–gneiss dome developed in the Foping area of the central Qinling orogenic belt. This area is key to studying the metamorphic deformation of continental crust and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Qinling. The Yangtianba–Shimudi ductile shear zone along the dome's southern margin records information on middle–deep structural deformation during the late Triassic compressional–extensional transition, offering crucial constraints on the exhumation mechanism of the Foping dome. Methods A detailed investigation of representative metamorphic and deformed rock samples from the shear zone was conducted using structural analysis, mineral geochemistry, crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), and geochronology. Field observations and kinematic vorticity analysis show that this shear zone developed under right-lateral ductile shear deformation controlled by pure shear. Results In the felsic mylonite, quartz primarily shows prism <a> and prism <c> slip systems, suggesting deformation occurred under amphibolite facies conditions at approximately 550–650 °C. The characteristics of the metamorphic mineral assemblages and the results of garnet–biotite–plagioclase thermobarometry indicate a clockwise P–T path, with peak metamorphic conditions of 568–611 °C/5.2–5.3 kbar and 630–654 °C/7.1–7.9 kbar. The isothermal decompression stage M2 recorded conditions of 590–616 °C/3.5–4.5 kbar. Zircon U–Pb dating of the leucosomes in the migmatites within the shear zone yielded an age of 180.8 ± 3.8 Ma, representing the lower limit of the ductile shear deformation. Conclusion Integrated with regional geological data, the metamorphic and deformational evolution of the study area can be reconstructed as follows: Prior to ~210 Ma, the central segment of the South Qinling tectonic belt was dominated by collisional orogenesis, leading to crustal thickening and the development of progressive metamorphism (M1) in the Foping area. During 210–200 Ma, the Foping region transitioned into post-collisional extension. This transitional phase was characterized by a bidirectional stress regime combining horizontal shortening and vertical collapse, which triggered ductile shear deformation (D1) in the Yangtianba-Shimudi area and initiated the isothermal decompression metamorphic event (M2). The region entered a phase of post-collisional extension at about 180 million years. Continued extension resulted in the formation of partial melts in the northern part of the study area. During the subsequent exhumation of the ductile shear zone, the mylonitic foliation was reformed by late fold deformation. [Significance] The findings provide a reference for discussing the detailed process of metamorphic deformation response in the process of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic tectonic transformation in the south of Foping dome.
- South Qinling /
- Mesozoic /
- Structural Deformation /
- Ductile Shear Zone /
- mineral fabric /
- P–T conditions /
- geochronology

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图 1 秦岭造山带与佛坪区域地质图

a—秦岭造山带区域构造位置；b—秦岭造山带大地构造格架（据Dong and Santosh，2016修改）；c—佛坪地区地质简图，黑色虚线上数字代表糜棱面理的倾角，三角形代表倾向（据自陕西省地质矿产局，1989修改）；d—龙草坪到十亩地村构造剖面图（A−A’，图内地层产状用折线与数字表达，横线上方数字表示倾向，横线下方数字表示倾角）

Figure 1. Regional geological map of the Qinling orogenic belt and the Foping area

(a) Regional tectonic setting of the Qinling orogenic belt; (b) Simplified regional tectonic framework of the Qinling orogenic belt，the numbers on the black dashed line represent the dip angles of the mylonitic foliation, while the triangles indicate the dip directions (modified after Dong and Santosh, 2016); (c) Simplified geological map of the Foping area (modified after Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1989); (d) Structural cross-section from Longcaoping to Shimudi Village (A–A’; in Fig.4d, stratum attitudes are shown as "dip direction/dip angle")

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图 2 秧田坝−十亩地韧性剪切带地质图

a—秧田坝−十亩地剪切带地质简图以及锆石年代学数据（剪切带迹线以及黑色虚线上数字代表糜棱面理的倾角，三角形代表倾向）；b—剪切带十亩地段构造剖面图、产状下半球投影以及样品在构造剖面中的位置；c—剪切带秧田坝段构造剖面图、产状下半球投影以及样品在构造剖面中的位置

Figure 2. Geological map of the Yangtianba–Shimudi ductile shear zone

(a) Simplified geological map of the Yangtianba–Shimudi shear zone and geochronological data of zircon，the numbers along the shear zone and black dashed line indicate the dip angles of the mylonitic foliation and the triangles represent the dip directions; (b) Structural profile of the Shimudi segment in the shear zone, lower hemisphere projection of attitudes, and sample locations within the structural profile; (c) Structural profile of the Yangtianba segment in the shear zone, lower hemisphere projection of attitudes, and sample locations within the structural profile

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图 3 秧田坝–十亩地剪切带内剪切变形与褶皱变形

Grt—石榴子石；Bt—黑云母；PI—斜长石；Q—石英黄色虚线箭头代表矿物拉伸线理；黄色虚线表示大理岩或石英片岩单元中变质面理或残留体轮廓；橙色虚线代表透入性糜棱面理；“S2”代表糜棱面理；“S3”代表由晚期褶皱轴面或褶劈理a—长英质糜棱岩矿物拉伸线理； b—钙质糜棱岩形成右行不对称褶皱与S-C组构，照片拍摄镜头向南； c—长英质糜棱岩D2期褶皱变形(图e展示糜棱面理发生褶皱变形，糜棱面理S2产状在等面积下半球赤平投影图中用大弧表示)； d—长英质糜棱岩D2期褶皱变形; e—钙质糜棱岩右行不对称褶皱，照片拍摄镜头向北； f—混合岩化浅色体形成石香肠线理； g—钙质糜棱岩D2期褶皱变形与面理置换; h—长英质糜棱岩D2期褶皱变形与面理置换。

Figure 3. Shear deformation and fold deformation within the Yangtianba–Shimudi shear zone

(a) Mineral stretching lineation in felsic mylonite; (b) Calcareous mylonite showing dextral asymmetric folds and S-C fabrics (photo view to south); (c) D₂-phase fold deformation in felsic mylonite (Fig. e shows folded mylonitic foliation S₂, represented by great arcs in lower-hemisphere equal-area stereoplot); (d) D₂-phase fold deformation in felsic mylonite; (e) Dextral asymmetric folds in calcareous mylonite (photo view to north); (f) Boudinage lineation formed in migmatized leucosome; (g) D₂-phase fold deformation and foliation transposition in calcareous mylonite; (h) D₂-phase fold deformation and foliation transposition in felsic mylonite. Yellow dashed arrows represent mineral stretching lineation; Yellow dashed lines represent early metamorphic foliation or relict boundaries in marble/quartz schist units; Orange dashed lines represent pervasive mylonitic foliation; "S2" represents mylonitic foliation; "S3" represents late-stage axial planar foliation or crenulation cleavage.Grt: garnet; Bt: biotite; PI: plagioclase; Q: quartz

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图 4 糜棱岩样品显微照片

Grt—石榴子石; St—十字石; Bt—黑云母; Pl—斜长石; Ms—白云母; Q—石英; Ilm—钛铁矿; Sil—矽线石a—样品23FP-33B的矿物组合特征及其糜棱面理; b—样品24FP-6B中石榴石发育平行面理包迹; c—样品24FP-6B中十字石斑晶与毛发状或针柱状矽线石共生; d—样品24FP-6B中十字石斑晶两翼形成不对称压力影; e—样品23FP-15B中石英发育颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶特征; f—样品23FP-15B中石英、长石以及黑云母定向排列组成糜棱面理; g—样品24FP-8B中石榴子石两侧见不对称压力影; h—样品24FP-8B中石英、长石以及黑云母定向排列组成糜棱面理

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of mylonite samples

(a) Mineral assemblage and mylonitic foliation in sample 23FP-33B; (b) Garnet with S-parallel inclusion trails in sample 24FP-6B; (c) Staurolite porphyroblast coexisting with fibrolitic/needle-like sillimanite in sample 24FP-6B; (d) Asymmetric pressure shadows flanking staurolite porphyroblast in sample 24FP-6B; (e) Grain boundary migration dynamic recrystallization in quartz from sample 23FP-15B; (f) Mylonitic foliation defined by preferred orientation of quartz, feldspar, and biotite in sample 23FP-15B; (g) Asymmetric pressure shadows adjacent to garnet in sample 24FP-8B; (h) Mylonitic foliation defined by aligned quartz, feldspar, and biotite in sample 24FP-8B. (Mineral abbreviations: Grt–garnet; St–staurolite; Bt–biotite; Pl–plagioclase; Ms–muscovite; Q–quartz; Ilm–ilmenite; Sil– sillimanite)

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图 5 糜棱岩样品矿物电子探针矿物化学分析结果

Grt—石榴子石；Bt—黑云母；Pl—斜长石；Q—石英；Ilm—钛铁矿a—样品24FP-6B的变质矿物组合；b—样品24FP-6B中石榴子石成分剖面（图中Alm、Sps、Py、Grs分别代表铁铝榴石、锰铝榴石、镁铝榴石、钙铝榴石，该图纵坐标代表上述石榴子石端元的占比）；c—样品23FP-33B的变质矿物组合；d—样品23FP-33B中石榴子石成分剖面；e—长石An-Ab-Or分类图解；f—黑云母Mg-(Al^VI + Fe³⁺ + Ti)-(Fe²⁺ + Mn)分类图解（Foster，1960）；g—黑云母10TiO-FeO*-MgO（FeO* = FeO + MnO)成因分类图解（Nachit et al.，2005）

Figure 5. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) results of mineral chemistry in mylonite samples

(a) Metamorphic mineral assemblage of sample 24FP-6B; (b) Compositional profile of garnet in sample 24FP-6B，Alm、Sps、Py、 and Grs represent the garnet endmembers almandine, spessartine, pyrope, and grossular, the vertical axis of the plot indicates the proportion (%) of these garnet endmembers; (c) Metamorphic mineral assemblage of sample 23FP-33B; (d) Compositional profile of garnet in sample 23FP-33B; (e) An–Ab–Or classification diagram for feldspar; (f) Mg–(Al^VI + Fe³⁺ + Ti)–(Fe²⁺ + Mn) classification diagram for biotite (Foster, 1960) ; (g) 10TiO₂–FeO–MgO (FeO = FeO + MnO) genetic discrimination diagram for biotite (Nachit et al., 2005). Grt–garnet; Bt–biotite; Pl–plagioclase; Q–quartz; Ilm–ilmenite

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图 6 十亩地秧田坝剪切带糜棱岩样品中石英和黑云母EBSD组构的等面积下半球极射赤平投影图

X轴代表面理方向；β角为面理与c-轴极大值的法线的连线（白色虚线)之间的夹角；N为测试点数；Max D为最大密度；色标代表密度变化

Figure 6. Fabric diagrams of quartz and biotite in mylonite samples from the Shimudi–Yangtianba shear zone and the lower hemisphere equal-area stereographic projections The X-axis represents the foliation direction, β is the angle between the foliation and the normal to the c-axis maximum (white dashed line), N denotes the number of measurement points, Max D indicates the maximum density, color scale represents variations in density

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图 7 运动学涡度与有限应变分析结果

a—Flinn有限应变判别图解； b—非共轴右行剪切带瞬时流动单元方位（Cheng et al.，2022），其中α为2组流面的夹角，η为最大瞬时伸长轴（ISA_max）和剪切边界(A1、A2)之间的夹角，橙色箭头代表物质运动轨迹，红色箭头代表剪切方向，黑色箭头代表区域挤压应力方向；c—涡度值与剪切分量占比关系图解（Law et al.，2004）；d—运动学涡度值与角η（或α）之间的关系图解（转换挤压以及转换伸展分别翻译自“transpression”与“transtension”）

Figure 7. Results of kinematic vorticity and finite strain analysis

(a) Flinn diagram for finite strain analysis; (b) Orientation of instantaneous flow units in a non-coaxial dextral shear zone (Cheng et al., 2022), where α represents the angle between two flow planes, and η denotes the angle between the maximum instantaneous stretching axis (ISA_max) and the shear zone boundary, the orange arrows represent the material movement trajectoriesthe, the red arrows indicate the shear direction, the black arrow represents the direction of regional extrusion stress; (c) Diagram illustrating the relationship between vorticity values and the proportion of shear components (Law et al., 2004); (d) Diagram showing the relationship between kinematic vorticity number (W_k) and angle η (or α).

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图 8 浅色体野外露头特征与锆石U-Pb年代学结果

a—样品23FP-17采样点宏观野外露头特征； b—混合岩化浅色体样品（23FP-17）与糜棱岩带接触关系图；c—测试样品锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图、加权平均年龄图、样品锆石典型锆石阴极发光图像；d—样品23FP-17的变质锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图

Figure 8. Characteristics of leucosomes in outcrops and results of zircon U-Pb geochronology

(a) Macroscopic outcrop characteristics at the sampling site 23FP-17; (b) Contact relationship between the migmatitic leucosome sample (23FP-17) and the mylonite zone; (c) Concordia diagram, weighted average age plot, and representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon grains from the analyzed samples; (d) U–Pb concordia diagram of metamorphic zircon from sample 23FP-17

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图 9 秧田坝−十亩地韧性剪切带及临区变质岩样品P−T−t轨迹与变质变形示意图

Grt—石榴子石；St—十字石；Bt—黑云母；Pl—斜长石；Ms—白云母；Q—石英；Ilm—钛铁矿；Sil—矽线石灰色P–T轨迹：1—蓝晶石片岩，佛坪穹隆（魏春景等，1998）；2—麻粒岩，佛坪穹隆核部（You et al.，2024）；3—泥质片岩，佛坪穹隆外围盖层（You et al.，2024）；（4）佛坪穹隆变质沉积盖层（翟刚毅，2000）；a—此次研究样品24FP-6B以及佛坪穹隆核部与盖层的P−T轨迹成果汇总（Ky代表蓝晶石域；And代表红柱石域；Sil代表矽线石域；图中各色虚线箭头代表P−T轨迹）；b—糜棱岩样品24FP-8B与23FP-33B的P−T轨迹；c—样品进变质过程M1中的主要矿物组合；d—样品等温降压过程M2中的主要矿物组合；e—糜棱面理S2被晚期面理S3置换

Figure 9. P–T–t paths of metamorphic rocks from the Yangtianba–Shimudi ductile shear zone and adjacent areas and sketches of the metamorphism–deformation relationships

(a) Compiled P–T trajectories for sample 24FP-6B and the core-cover sequence of the Foping dome （Ky represents the kyanite stability field; And represents the andalusite stability field; Sil represents the sillimanite stability field；The orange, magenta, and green dashed arrows in the diagram represent P–T paths.）; (b) P–T paths of mylonite samples 24FP-8B and 23FP-33B; (c) Representative mineral assemblages during the prograde metamorphic stage (M1) of the samples; (d) Characteristic mineral assemblages during the isothermal decompression stage (M2) of the samples; (e) Structural relationship showing the overprint of the mylonitic foliation S2 by the later foliation S3 Gray P–T trajectories 1: Kyanite schist, Foping dome （Wei et al.，1998）; 2: Granulite, core of the Foping dome （You et al.，2024）; 3: Pelitic schist, peripheral cover of the Foping dome （You et al.，2024）; 4: Metasedimentary cover of the Foping dome （Zhai，2000); Mineral abbreviations: Grt–garnet; St–staurolite; Bt–biotite; Pl–plagioclase; Ms– muscovite; Q–quartz; Ilm–ilmenite; Sil–sillimanite

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图 10 秧田坝−十亩地韧性剪切带变质变形演化

灰色箭头代表不同构造演化阶段挤压或伸展的应力背景a—碰撞造山阶段，佛坪地区发育递进变质作用（M1）； b—构造体制转换阶段，等温降压变质事件M2与韧性剪切带的形成；c—区域完全进入碰撞后伸展阶段，发育减压部分熔融，随后在晚期中高级变质岩折返过程叠加面理置换

Figure 10. Metamorphic and deformational evolution of the Yangtianba–Shimudi ductile shear zone

(a) The collisional orogenic stage during which the Foping area underwent progressive metamorphism (M1); (b) The tectonic regime transitional stage marked by the isothermal decompression metamorphic event (M2) and the development of ductile shear zones; (c) The regional transition into a post-collisional extensional regime, characterized by decompression-induced partial melting, followed by foliation transposition during the exhumation of late-stage mid- to high-grade metamorphic rocks; The gray arrows represent the stress regimes (compression or extension) during different stages of tectonic evolution.

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表 1 糜棱岩样品矿物温压计峰期与退变质阶段温压条件计算结果

Table 1. Peak and retrograde metamorphic conditions of mylonite samples calculated using mineral thermobarometers

样品号	温度/℃		压力/kbar
样品号	峰期	退变质	峰期	退变质
23FP-33B	568~582	590~592	4.8~5.2	3.5~4.5
24FP-6B	604~611	593~616	5.2~5.3	3.8~4.4
24FP-8B	630~654	—	7.1~7.8	—

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表 2 糜棱岩样品有限应变计算结果

Table 2. Calculation of finite strain in mylonite samples

剖面	样品号	岩性	Y/Z	X/Y	K（Fillin参数)
十亩地	23FP-33B	长英质糜棱岩	1.07	1.39	1.95
十亩地	24FP-6B	长英质糜棱岩	1.26	1.57	4.87
秧田坝	24FP-8B	长英质糜棱岩	1.13	1.30	2.11

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表 3 十亩地-秧田坝韧性剪切带样品运动学涡度

Table 3. Kinematic vorticity of mylonite samples in the Shimudi–Yangtianba ductile shear zone

剖面	样品号	石英活动滑移系	运动学涡度
剖面	样品号	石英活动滑移系	R_XZ	β/(°)	W_k	η/(°)
十亩地	23FP-33B	柱面<a>滑移	1.48	11.80	0.49	14.51
十亩地	24FP-6B	柱面<a>滑移	1.98	6.67	0.34	9.84
秧田坝	24FP-8B	柱面<c>和柱面<a>滑移	1.47	9.85	0.41	12.06
秧田坝	23FP-15B	柱面<c>和柱面<a>滑移	1.41	6.76	0.28	8.14

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