The influence of weak layers on thrust structure deformation: A finite element numerical simulation study
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摘要: 软弱层作为沉积盆地中普遍存在的关键构造单元，以低剪切强度、低杨氏模量及显著的塑性流变行为为特征，在构造变形中扮演应力调节与应变分异的角色。四川盆地东南（川东南）地区良村、焦石坝及长宁等地的地震反射剖面显示，在深部逆冲断裂系统上覆层序普遍发育区域性软弱层。为揭示软弱层对逆冲构造变形的动力学控制机制，选取典型的转折断层作为先存断裂构造，设计有/无软弱层的对照试验，采用有限元方法在侧向挤压的条件下进行数值模拟。通过对比分析2组模型的模拟结果，系统研究软弱层在构造运动过程中对构造变形的控制机制，并重点探讨软弱层厚度对上/下构造变形的影响。研究结果表明：软弱层是引发构造分层变形的重要因素，在侧向挤压条件下，软弱层发生塑性流动并伴随局部的增厚与减薄，其对下伏构造变形与应力应变具有显著的吸收作用，从而以软弱层为界产生上/下构造分层差异变形与应力应变解耦的现象；软弱层厚度是控制变形样式的关键参数，软弱层越厚，其上覆褶皱半波波长越长，两翼倾角越平缓，隆升幅度越小，下伏褶皱半波波长越短，两翼倾角越陡倾，隆升幅度越大，分层变形的特征越明显；软弱层越薄，其上/下构造变形越一致。研究成果可为与川东南地区良村、焦石坝以及长宁等具有相同地层特征的地区的构造变形解析与动力学分析提供较好的参考依据。Abstract:
Objective As ubiquitous critical structural units in sedimentary basins, weak layers are characterized by low shear strength, low Young’s modulus, and pronounced plastic rheological behavior, playing a key role in stress accommodation and strain partitioning during tectonic deformation. Seismic reflection profiles from areas such as Liangcun, Jiaoshiba, and Changning in southeastern Sichuan reveal widespread regional weak layers within sequences overlying deep thrust fault systems. Methods To investigate the dynamic control mechanism of weak layers on thrust deformation, a typical bend fault was selected as the pre-existing fault structure, and comparative experiments with/without weak layers were designed. Finite element modeling was employed to conduct numerical simulations under lateral compression. A comparative analysis of the simulation results from the two model sets systematically examines how weak layers control structural deformation during tectonic movement, particularly the influence of weak layer thickness on upper and lower structural deformation. Results (1) The weak layer-free model demonstrates that, under lateral compression, the overlying strata undergo thrust-parallel slip and fold deformation along the pre-existing bend fault. The deformation exhibits remarkable coherence among strata, with no observable interlayer slip or stratified differential deformation. Meanwhile, the maximum principal stress field displays characteristic tectonic stress zoning, while plastic strain concentrates on both the forelimb and the backlimb with upward-decreasing intensity. (2) The weak layer-bearing model reveals that, under combined lateral compression and underlying structural uplift, the weak layer experiences plastic flow, manifesting as top-thinning and limb-thickening. This results in stratified deformation patterns bounded by the weak layer. Furthermore, the distribution of maximum principal stress and plastic strain shows distinct stressen–strain decoupling across the weak layer interface. Conclusion (1) The weak layer constitutes a critical factor in initiating structural stratification. Under lateral compression conditions, the weak layer undergoes plastic flow accompanied by localized thickening and thinning. It significantly accommodates underlying structural deformation and stress-strain, thereby generating differential deformation across the weak layer interface and producing distinct stress-strain decoupling between the upper and lower structural domains. (2) The thickness of weak layers constitutes a critical parameter controlling deformation styles. Thicker weak layers result in longer wavelengths and gentler limb dips with reduced uplift amplitudes for overlying folds; they also produce shorter wavelengths, steeper limb dips and greater uplift amplitudes for underlying folds, thereby enhancing deformation partitioning. Conversely, thinner weak layers lead to more coherent deformation between the upper and lower structural domains. [ Significance] The research findings regarding the influence of weak layers on thrust structural deformation revealed in this study can provide valuable references for structural deformation analysis and dynamic modeling in regions with similar stratigraphic characteristics, such as the Liangcun area, the Jiaoshiba block, and the Changning region in southeastern Sichuan. -
图 1 中国三大克拉通盆地的地层柱状图（据何登发，2022修改）
Figure 1. Stratigraphic columns of the three major cratons in China (modified from He, 2022)
图 2 断层转折褶皱几何学与运动学模型（据Suppe，1983修改）
a—未变形地层中的初始逆冲断层及轴面；b—断层滑动导致上盘岩块沿固定在2个断层弯曲处的活动轴面A和B发生褶皱；c—断层持续滑动导致褶皱处于抬升阶段；d—褶皱持续拓宽阶段
Figure 2. Geometry and kinematic models of fault–bend folding (modified from Suppe, 1983)
(a) Incipient thrust fault and axial surfaces in undeformed strata; (b) Fault slip causes folding of the hanging wall block along active axial surfaces A and B that are pinned to the two fault bends; (c) Persistent fault slip leads to the fold entering the uplift stage; (d) Progressive fold broadening stage
图 3 地质模型与边界条件图
a—地质模型图；b—初始阶段边界条件图；c—运动阶段边界条件图
Figure 3. Sketch of the geological model and boundary conditions at different stage
(a) Geological model; (b) Boundary conditions at initial stage; (c) Boundary conditions during movement
图 5 模型1、模型2的几何演化与最大主应力分布图
a—无软弱层模型推移100 m最大主应力分布图；b—无软弱层模型推移200 m最大主应力分布图；c—无软弱层模型推移300 m最大主应力分布图；d—有软弱层模型推移100 m最大主应力分布图；e—有软弱层模型推移200 m最大主应力分布图；f—有软弱层模型推移300 m最大主应力分布图
Figure 5. Geometric evolutions and maximum principal stress distributions for Model 1 and Model 2
(a) The maximum principal stress distribution of the model without weak layers after a 100 m displacement; (b) The maximum principal stress distribution of the model without weak layers after a 200 m displacement; (c) The maximum principal stress distribution of the model without weak layers after a 300 m displacement; (d)The maximum principal stress distribution of the model with weak layers after a 100 m displacement; (e) The maximum principal stress distribution of the model with weak layers after a 200 m displacement; (f) The maximum principal stress distribution of the model with weak layers after a 300 m displacement
图 6 模型1、模型2的褶皱几何参数与等效塑性应变分布图
a—无软弱层模型推移100 m等效塑性应变分布图；b—无软弱层模型推移200 m等效塑性应变分布图；c—无软弱层模型推移300 m几何参数与等效塑性应变分布图；d—有软弱层模型推移100 m等效塑性应变分布图；e—有软弱层模型推移200 m等效塑性应变分布图；f—有软弱层模型推移300 m几何参数等效塑性应变分布图
Figure 6. Geometric parameters of folds and equivalent plastic strain distributions for Model 1 and Model 2
(a) Equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model without weak layers after a 100 m displacement; (b) Equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model without weak layers after a 200 m displacement; (c) Equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model without weak layers after a 300 m displacement; (d) Equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model with weak layers after a 100 m displacement; (e) Equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model with weak layers after a 200 m displacement; (f) Geometric parameters and equivalent plastic strain distribution of the model with weak layers after a 300 m displacement
图 7 模型1与模型2隆升量曲线图
a—2组对照模型第4层顶部隆升量；b—2组对照模型第5层顶部隆升量；c—2组对照模型第6层顶部隆升量
Figure 7. Uplift amout curves for Model 1 and Model 2
(a) Uplift amount at the top of Layer 4 in the two comparative models; (b) Uplift amount at the top of Layer 5 in the two comparative models; (c) Uplift amount at the top of Layer 6 in the two comparative models
图 8 不同厚度软弱层应力−应变分布及位移分布图
a—厚度为200 m、150 m和70 m时软弱层的最大主应力分布图；b—厚度为200 m、150 m和70 m时软弱层的等效塑性应变分布图；c—软弱层厚度为200 m、150 m和70 m时的位移分布图
Figure 8. Stress–strain distribution and displacement distribution within weak layers with varying thicknesses
(a) Maximum principal stress distribution within weak layers of 200 m, 150 m, and 70 m thickness; (b) Equivalent plastic strain distribution within weak layers of 200 m, 150 m, and 70 m thickness; (c) Displacement distribution for weak layers of 200 m, 150 m, and 70 m thickness
图 9 软弱层控制构造变形实例
a—川东南地区良村北东—南西向剖面；b—川东南地区焦石坝南北向剖面；c—川南地区长宁北东—南西向剖面（据何登发等，2019b修改）
Figure 9. Examples of structural deformation controlled by weak layers
(a) NE–SW profile of the Liangcun area, southeast Sichuan; (b) SEN profile of the Jiaoshiba area, southeast Sichuan;(c) NE–SW profile of the Changning area, south Sichuan (modified after He, 2019)
表 1 模型1的岩石力学参数设置表
Table 1. Rock mechanical parameters for Model 1
密度/（kg/m3） 杨氏模量/GPa 泊松比 内摩擦角/（°） 黏聚力/MPa 剪胀角/（°） 第1层 2500 55 0.25 23.47 45.00 12.81 第2层 2500 25 0.35 21.28 42.78 10.08 第3层 2500 36 0.33 15.47 39.85 9.25 第4层 2500 27 0.31 13.81 40.39 8.71 第5层 2500 37 0.35 11.72 38.46 7.68 第6层 2500 30 0.32 17.51 41.26 8.49 
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表 2 模型2的岩石力学参数设置表
Table 2. Rock mechanical parameters for Model 2
密度/（kg/m3） 杨氏模量/GPa 泊松比 内摩擦角/（°） 黏聚力/MPa 剪胀角/（°） 第1层 2500 55 0.25 23.47 45.00 12.81 第2层 2500 25 0.35 21.28 42.78 10.08 第3层 2500 36 0.33 15.47 39.85 9.25 第4层 2500 27 0.31 13.81 40.39 8.71 第5层 2300 5 0.35 9.63 1.43 6.37 第6层 2500 30 0.32 17.51 41.26 8.49
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表 3 模型1、模型2的褶皱几何参数表
Table 3. Geometric parameters of folds for Model 1 and Model 2
模型 角标 w/m A/m γ/（°） F/（°） β/（°） 模型1 1 1289.92 114.71 150.43 12.88 16.69 2 1291.10 117.74 147.66 14.21 18.13 模型2 3 2229.96 33.89 171.39 3.97 4.64 4 1121.23 125.02 142.16 17.26 20.58 注：w—半波长；A—褶皱幅度；γ—翼间角；β—前翼倾角；F—后翼倾角
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表 4 不同厚度软弱层模型第4层与第6层几何参数表
Table 4. Geometric parameters of Layer 4 and Layer 6 in models with weak layers of varying thicknesses
软弱层厚度/m 层数 w/m A/m F/（°） β/（°） 70 m 第4层 1584.5 96.64 13.88 23.14 第6层 2501.5 77.45 6.10 7.45 150 m 第4层 1622.5 99.79 14.29 23.78 第6层 2742.6 71.70 5.91 7.16 200 m 第4层 1630.8 102.57 15.58 24.60 第6层 3017.4 69.06 5.77 6.68 注：w—半波长；A—褶皱幅度；β—前翼倾角；F—后翼倾角
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