2023年积石山<i>M</i><sub>S</sub> 6.2地震的地震裂缝及其成因机制

张波; 王爱国; 姚赟胜; 何小龙; 姚赛赛; 朱俊文; 蔡艺萌

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024114

2023年积石山M_S 6.2地震的地震裂缝及其成因机制

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024114

张波^{1, 2,},
王爱国^{1, 2},
姚赟胜^{1, 2},
何小龙^{1, 2},
姚赛赛^{1, 2},
朱俊文^{1, 2},
蔡艺萌^{1, 2}

1.
甘肃兰州地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站，甘肃兰州 730000
2.
中国地震局兰州地震研究所，甘肃兰州 730000

基金项目: 中国地震局地震科技星火计划（XH23040A，XH19045Y）；科技部第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专题（2019QZKK0901）；国家自然科学基金项目（42372267，42072246，41602225）；中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务费专项（2021IESLZ06）

详细信息

作者简介:
张波（1986—），男，博士，副研究员，从事地震构造研究。Email：bzhang86@163.com

中图分类号: P694
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- HTML全文浏览量: 23
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-11-01
- 修回日期: 2025-02-17
- 录用日期: 2025-02-19
- 预出版日期: 2025-02-24
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-27

Earthquake-induced fissures and their formation mechanisms in the 2023 M_S 6.2 Jishishan Earthquake

ZHANG Bo^{1, 2
,},
WANG Aiguo^{1, 2},
YAO Yunsheng^{1, 2},
HE Xiaolong^{1, 2},
YAO Saisai^{1, 2},
ZHU Junwen^{1, 2},
CAI Yimeng^{1, 2}

1.
Gansu Lanzhou National Geophysical Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
2.
Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China

Funds: This research is finacially supported by the Spark Program of Earthquake Technology of China Earthquake Administration (Grant Nos. XH23040A and XH19045Y), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP), Ministry of Science and Technology ( Grant No. 2019QZKK0901), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Projects (Grant Nos. 42372267, 42072246, and 41602225), and the Basic Scientific Research Special Project of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 2021IESLZ06).

摘要

摘要: 2023年积石山M_S6.2地震在地表形成了大量的地震裂缝，但对地震裂缝的成因认识存在较多分歧。为了更好地认识中强地震中地震裂缝的发育特征及其成因机理，采用野外观测、统计分析、无人机摄影测量等方法，系统调查积石山地震形成的246条地震裂缝，总结其发育特征和成因机理。研究显示： 2023年积石山M_S6.2地震在Ⅶ—Ⅷ度区内形成了大量的地震裂缝，总体可分为构造微裂缝和非构造裂缝两类，非构造裂缝又包括山脊重力裂缝、滑坡边缘裂缝和沟谷裂缝−沙土液化组合。构造微裂缝沿积石山东缘断裂发育，宽度为厘米~毫米（cm~mm）级，通过断层面、节理面等介质软弱部位，表现为构造对裂缝的控制作用，裂缝同时具有“趋弱”的特点，说明此类裂缝不是断层直接错动地表而形成。非构造裂缝主要发育在震中北侧的黄土丘陵和台塬−沟谷区，山脊（台塬）部位的裂缝规模大、延伸远，从山脊（台塬）向下经山坡至沟谷，裂缝宽度从分米（dm）级降低为毫米（mm）级。构造微裂缝经过约半年时间已基本自然愈合，非构造裂缝的愈合时间远长于构造微裂缝的愈合时间；一些滑坡边缘裂缝可能难以自然愈合而形成永久位移，而对人类造成严重威胁的裂缝，需要人为修复。对2023年积石山M_S6.2地震裂缝的分布、类型和成因机制的分析表明，2023年积石山M_S6.2地震没有形成地表破裂带。对积石山地震的地震裂缝的综合研究对于地震次生灾害的研究、灾害损失减轻和地震构造分析具有重要意义。
- 地震裂缝 /
- 积石山地震 /
- 积石山东缘断裂 /
- 地震地质灾害 /
- 地表破裂
Abstract: Objective Seismic fissures, landslides and mudflows are common secondary hazards of earthquakes. Following the occurrence of moderately strong earthquakes, detailed investigations of landslides and mudflows are usually conducted, but earthquake-induced fissures often receive less attention, because the characteristics and causes of earthquake-induced fissures are controlled by a combination of factors. The 2023 M_S6.2 Jishishan Earthquake formed an extensive and dense earthquake-induced fissure zone in the Jishishan Mountain front and the interior of the Linxia Basin, but there are large differences in the understanding of the genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures. Methods In order to better understand the characteristics and genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures in the Jishishan Mountains, 246 fissures were systematically investigated by field observation, statistical analysis, and drone photogrammetry; then, the distribution, characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the earthquake-induced fissures were analyzed. Combined with relevant published studies, the following new findings are made. Results First, the 2023 M_S6.2 Jishishan Earthquake formed a large number of fissures in the VII-VIII degree zone, which can be generally divided into two categories: tectonic-related fissures and non-tectonic fissures, and the non-tectonic fissures are further divided into ridge gravity fissures, landslide-related fissures, and valley fissure-sand liquefaction combinations on the basis of the topography associated with these fissures. Second, the tectonic-related fissures developed along the eastern margin fault of the Jishishan Mountains, with fissure widths at the cm-mm level. The tectonic-related fissures extend through fault planes, joints, and other weaknesses of the Jishishan fault zone, clearly showing that the more than 100 m wide fracture zone (i.e., weak zone in the upper crust) of the eastern margin fault of the Jishishan Mountains dominates the distribution of the earthquake-induced fissures. Meanwhile, the tectonic-related fissures tend to develop at weaknesses in man-made structures, such as road seams and bridge joints; this “weakening-preferred” behavior indicates that these fissures are generated by seismic shaking effects on the fracture zone along the fault, rather than direct rupture by the earthquake-causing fault. Thus, the tectonic micro-fissures are not the surface ruptures mentioned above. Third, the non-tectonic fissures mainly developed in the loess-covered area around the Dahejia-Kexinmin-Ganhetan villages north of the epicenter, where the topography is hilly, predominantly tableland and valleys; ridge (tableland) gravity fissures are large in scale, extend far along the ridge, and exhibit a combination of reticulation, parallelism, or en echelon style; landslide-related fissures on the slopes are comparatively smaller in scale and confined to the landslide area; valley fissures are comparable in scale to tectonic micro-fissures and generally formed in association with sand liquefaction; the fissure widths decrease from dm scale on the ridges (tableland) to mm scale in the valleys. Fourth, the tectonic-related micro-fissures healed naturally within approximately half a year, while the healing of the ridge gravity fissures lasted much longer; some landslide-related fissures may take a long time to heal naturally and may even form permanent displacements that pose a serious threat to people and require repair. Conclusion By reviewing and analyzing the distribution, types, and genetic mechanisms of earthquake-induced fissures in the 2023 M_S6.2 Jishishan Earthquake, and taking into account the magnitude, the epicenter depth, and minor surface displacements, it is speculated that no surface ruptures formed during the Jishishan Earthquake. [ Significance ] An overview of the earthquake-induced fissures of the Jishishan Earthquake is of great significance for understanding the causal mechanisms of secondary earthquake disasters, analyzing seismotectonics, and proposing disaster mitigation strategies.
- earthquake-induced fissures /
- Jishishan Earthquake /
- eastern margin fault of Jishishan Mountains /
- geological hazards of earthquakes /
- surface rupture

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图 1 积石山地震裂缝分布图

F1—循化南山断裂；F2—积石山西缘断裂；F3—积石山东缘断裂；F4—拉脊山南缘断裂；F5—拉脊山北缘断裂PGA（Peak Ground Acceleration）数据来自于张卫东等（2024）；烈度圈来自应急管理部：https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/yjglbgzdt/202312/t20231222_472849.shtml

Figure 1. Map with the distribution of fissures induced by the 2023 M_S6.2 Jishishan Earthquake

F1—Xunhua Nanshan Fault; F2—West margin fault of Jishishan Mountain; F3—East margin fault of Jishishan Mountain; F4—South margin fault of Lajishan; F5—North margin fault of LajishanPGA data are from Zhang et al. (https://www.mem.gov.cn/xw/yjglbgzdt/202312/t20231222_472849.shtml

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图 2 克新民村南沿山脊的张裂缝

a—克新民村南山脊上的张裂缝带，红色实线代表张裂缝带，红色虚线代表积石山地震的同震滑坡，绿色虚线代表先存的大型滑坡边界；b—宽0~70 cm的张裂缝；c—网状排列的张裂缝；d—平行排列的张裂缝

Figure 2. Fissures developed along the ridge south of the Kexinmin Village

(a) Ridge fissure zone south of the Kexinmin village, red solid lines are tensional fissures, red dashed lines indicate coseismic landslides, and green dashed lines mark the boundaries of pre-existing large landslides; (b) 0~70 cm wide fissure; (c) Gridded fissures; (d) Parallel fissures

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图 3 尹家山以东的滑坡边缘裂缝

a—尹家山以东的裂缝；b—张裂缝贯穿景观大道；c—局部“西高东低”的张裂缝

Figure 3. Landslide edge-related fissures east of the Yinjiashan Village

(a) Fissures east of the Yinjiashan Village; (b) Extensional fissures cutting a road; (c) Locally developed uphill-facing fissure scarp

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图 4 沿积石山东缘断裂的构造微裂缝

a—尕护林以西的地震裂缝；b—尕护林西北的构造裂缝贯穿冰雪路面；c—黄草坪以北地震裂缝贯穿冰面；d—达帮沟以北黄土中的地震裂缝

Figure 4. Tectonic-related micro-fissures observed along the eastern margin fault of Jishishan Mountain

(a) Tectonic fissures west of the Gahulin Village; (b) Tectonic fissures cutting a road northwest of the Gahulin Village; (c) Tectonic fissures cutting ice and snow; (d) Tectonic fissures developed in loess north of the Dabanggou Village

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图 5 沿先存断裂和节理发育的裂缝

红色实线代表先存断层；箭头代表裂缝；黄色虚线代表地层界线a—裂缝沿节理发育；b—关门村一带裂缝沿先存断层面发育；c—黄草坪一带裂缝沿先存断层面发育；d—沿断层面的裂缝和断层上盘的“X”形裂缝

Figure 5. Fissures developed along pre-existing fault planes and joints

(a) Fissure developed along rock joints; (b) Fissure developed along an old fault plane near the Guanmen Village; (c) Fissure developed along an old fault plane near Huangcaoping; (d) Fissure developed along an old fault plane and X-fissure formed on the hanging-wall of the fault plane. Red solid lines represent pre-existing faults; arrows indicate fissures; yellow dashed lines show strata boundaries.

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图 6 构造微裂缝的快速愈合

a—震后第3天拍摄的宽5 cm的地震裂缝；b—自然愈合后的地震裂缝

Figure 6. Rapid natural coalescence of tectonic micro-fissures

(a) Photo showing 5 cm wide tectonic fissures taken 3 days after the Jishishan Earthquake; (b) Natural coalescence of tectonic fissures

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图 7 积石山地震的裂缝分布及成因机制

Figure 7. Distribution and formation mechanism of fissures induced by Jishishan Earthquake

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图 8 积石山东缘断裂宽逾百米的断层破碎带

a—桦林谷出露宽>100 m的断层破碎带；b—断层破碎带中的西倾断层面；c—断层破碎带中的东倾断层面

Figure 8. Over 100 m wide fracture zone of the eastern margin fault of the Jishishan Mountains

(a) Outcrop of an over 100 m wide fracture zone in the Hualingu valley; (b) West-dipping fault plane exposed in the fracture zone; (c) East-dipping fault plane exposed in the fracture zone

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表 1 积石山地震的地表裂缝分类及其特征

Table 1. Classification and characteristics of fissures induced by the Jishishan Earthquake

裂缝类型		宽度	组合	发育部位	方向性	恢复速度
非构造裂缝	山脊重力裂缝	dm~cm	带状、网状、雁列	山脊、台地	沿山梁	慢
	滑坡边缘裂缝	dm~mm	围椅状、雁列	边坡	滑坡边缘	慢
	沟谷裂缝−沙土液化	cm~mm	带状、雁列	沟谷		较快
构造微裂缝		cm~mm	单条	沿断层、节理等构造软弱带	沿断层	1年内

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