青藏高原错那−沃卡断裂带活动性与地质安全风险防控对策研究

强新刚; 郭长宝; 孙东霞; 韩建恩; 张广泽; 张敏; 邱振东; 何平

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024093

青藏高原错那−沃卡断裂带活动性与地质安全风险防控对策研究

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024093

强新刚^1,,
郭长宝^{2, 3, ,},
孙东霞^{2, 3},
韩建恩²,
张广泽¹,
张敏¹,
邱振东²,
何平¹

1.
中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司，四川成都 610031
2.
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所，北京 100081
3.
自然资源部活动构造与地质安全重点实验室，北京 100081

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20221816）；国家自然科学基金项目（42372339）；中国地质科学院基本科研业务费专项（JKYZD202410）

详细信息

作者简介:
强新刚（1980—），男，高级工程师，主要从事铁路工程地质方面研究。Email：24520166@qq.com

通讯作者:
郭长宝（1980—），男，博士，研究员，主要从事工程地质与地质灾害调查研究。Email：guochangbao@163.com

中图分类号: P546；U216
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-04
- 修回日期: 2025-01-23
- 录用日期: 2025-02-10
- 预出版日期: 2025-03-04
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-27

Study on the activity of the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and geological safety risks and prevention methods

1.
China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
2.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the China Geological Survey Project (Grant No. DD20221816), the National Natural Science Foundation of China（Grant No. 42372339）, and the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basal Research Fund (Grant No. JKYZD202410).

摘要

摘要: 沿青藏高原雅鲁藏布江缝合带修建的高原铁路穿越错那−沃卡活动断裂带，而断裂活动引起同震地表错动造成的工程错断、隧道变形、地质灾害等危害，是铁路运营阶段面临的重要地质安全风险。基于遥感解译、野外调查并结合已有研究成果，分析了穿越高原铁路的错那−沃卡断裂带的发育特征、活动性及其对铁路工程的影响。研究结果表明，错那−沃卡断裂带由5条北东走向的分支断裂组成，其中沃卡盆地西边界断裂（F_2-1、F_2-2）为晚更新世活动断裂，沃卡盆地东边界断裂（F_2-4、F_2-5）为全新世活动断裂，盆地内部断裂F_2-3为1915年桑日M_S 7.0地震的发震断裂。根据断裂活动造成的变形迹象考察以及活动断裂类型来估算断裂影响范围，未来错那−沃卡断裂带的分支断裂发生同震地表错动时，可能对穿越断裂带的藏嘎隧道和桑珠岭隧道造成变形破坏，断裂活动影响范围宽度为16~30 m。因此，建议加强对高原铁路穿越活动断裂区段的强震变形、工程错断等地质安全风险防控对策研究。文章研究结果为指导高原铁路安全运营和防灾减灾，以及为其他铁路线的活动断裂工程影响评价提供参考。
- 高原铁路 /
- 错那−沃卡 /
- 活动断裂 /
- 地质安全 /
- 工程错断 /
- 风险防控
Abstract: Objective The Plateau Railway, constructed along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, crosses the active Cuona-Woka Fault Zone. Coseismic surface rupture caused by the active fault leads to engineering breaks, tunnel deformation, and geological disasters; it poses a significant geological safety risk during railway operation. Methods Based on remote sensing, field investigation, and published research, this paper analyzes the development characteristics, activity, and impact of the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone on the Plateau Railway that it intersects. Results The study shows that the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone consists of five northeast-trending branch faults. The western boundary faults of the Woka Basin (F_2-1, F_2-2) show Late Pleistocene activity, the eastern boundary faults of the Woka Basin (F_2-4, F_2-5) have Holocene activity, and the F_2-3 fault within the basin is the seismogenic fault of the 1915 M_S 7.0 Sangri earthquake. Based on the deformation signs caused by fault activity and the types of active faults, it is estimated that future coseismic surface ruptures of the branch faults of the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone may cause deformation and damage to the Zangga tunnel and the Sangzhuling tunnel, which cross the fault zone, with an impact width of approximately 16~30 m. Conclusion Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen research on geological safety risk prevention measures for strong seismic deformation and engineering breaks in the sections of the Plateau Railway crossing the active fault zone. [Significance] The results of the study provide guidance for safe operation and disaster prevention and mitigation of the Plateau Railway, as well as a reference for the impact assessment of active fault engineering on other railway lines.
- Plateau Railway /
- Cuona-Woka /
- active faults /
- geological safety /
- engineering breaks /
- risk prevention and control

HTML全文

图 1 藏南裂谷系构造特征与研究区域地质概况

ATF—阿尔金断裂；BCF—崩错断裂；BWR—普兰−文布当桑裂谷；CWR—错那−沃卡裂谷；DXR—定结−申扎裂谷；GCF—格仁错断裂；GTR—岗嘎−当惹雍错裂谷；JF—嘉黎断裂；JGR—江曲藏布−改则裂谷；KF—喀喇昆仑断裂；XF—鲜水河断裂；ZTR—仲巴−塔若错裂谷；F₁—雅鲁藏布江断裂带；F₂—错那−沃卡断裂带；F₃—里龙断裂带；F₄—东久−米林断裂带；F₅—尼洋河断裂带；F₆—喇嘛岭断裂带；F₇—派区断裂带a—青藏高原板块构造示意图；b—藏南主要活动断裂、裂谷、地震分布图（据高扬等，2024修改）；c—研究区域地质概况及交通位置图

Figure 1. Structural characteristics of the southern Xizang(Tibet) rift system and geological overview of the study area

(a) Schematic plate tectonic diagram of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (b) Distribution map of major active faults, rift valleys, and earthquakes in southern Xizang(Tibet) (modified after Gao et al., 2024); (c) Geological overview and traffic location map of the study area F₁—Yarlung Zangbo Fault Zone; F₂— Cuona-Woka Fault Zone; F₃—Lilong Fault Zone; F₄—Dongjiu-Milin Fault Zone; F₅—Niyang River Fault Zone; F₆—Lamaling Fault Zone; F₇—Paiqu Fault ZoneATF—Altun Tagh Fault Zone; BCF—Bengcuo Fault Zone; BWR—Pulan-Wenbudangsang Rift; CWR—Cuona-Woka Rift; DXR—Dingjie -Shenzha Rift; GCF—Gyaring Co Fault Zone; GTR—Gangga-Dangreyongcuo Rift; JF—Jiali Fault Zone; JGR—Jiangquzangbo-Gerze Rift; KF—Karakorum Fault Zone; XF—Xianshuihe Fault Zone; ZTR—Zhongba-Taruocuo Rift

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图 2 高原铁路穿越错那−沃卡断裂带遥感解译与空间结构特征

a—1915年西藏桑日地震等烈度线图（据张升林和江在雄，1991修改）；b—错那−沃卡断裂带空间展布特征（遥感影像和铁路线位置据国家地理信息公共服务平台（天地图）修改）；c—错那−沃卡断裂带地质剖面图

Figure 2. Remote sensing interpretation and spatial structural characteristics of the Plateau Railway crossing the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone

(a) Intensity line diagram of the 1915 Sangri earthquake in Xizang(Tibet) (modified after Zhang and Jiang, 1991); (b) Spatial distribution characteristics of the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone (Remote sensing image and railway location from the National Platform for Common Geo-Spatial Information Services); (c) Geological profile of the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone

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图 3 沃卡盆地西边界断裂（F_2-1、F_2-2）线性地貌特征与活动表现特征

a—增嘎村东侧F_2-1断裂线性地貌特征（镜向北东）；b—增嘎村雅鲁藏布江北岸F_2-1断裂剖面（镜向北东）；c—白堆村采石场F_2-1断裂剖面（镜向北）；d—增曲水电站引水渠东侧F_2-2断裂剖面（镜向南东）

Figure 3. Linear geomorphic features and activity characteristics of the western boundary fault (F_2-1, F_2-2) of the Woka Basin

(a) Linear geomorphic features of F_2-1 to the east of Zengga Village (facing NE); (b) Typical profile of F_2-1 at the northern bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Zengga Village (facing NE); (c) F_2-1 fault profile at the Baidui Village quarry (facing N); (d) F_2-2 fault profile on the eastern side of the diversion channel of Zengqu hydropower station (facing SE)

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图 4 藏嘎村雅鲁藏布江右岸河流阶地东边界断裂（F_2-4）

a—藏嘎村雅鲁藏布江横剖面（祝嵩，2012）；b—雅鲁藏布江右岸T₁、T₂阶地（镜向南西）；c—断裂错断阶地断面（镜向南西）

Figure 4. The eastern boundary fault (F_2-4) on the river terrace on the right bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Zangga Village

(a) Cross-section of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Zangga Village (Zhu, 2012); (b) T₁ and T₂ terraces on the right bank of the Yarlung Zangbo River (facing SW); (c) Fault-displaced terrace profile (facing SW)

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图 5 沃卡盆地东边界断裂断错地貌特征

a—沃卡盆地东边界断裂（F_2-4、F_2-5）线性地貌特征；b—断裂F_2-5沿线断层三角面地貌形态特征（镜向北东）；c—仁青岗寺庙东测断裂F_2-5穿越导致植被覆盖呈线性特征（镜向南东）；d—断裂F_2-5导致水流沟道左旋偏移特征（镜向南东）

Figure 5. Geomorphic features of the eastern boundary fault in the Woka Basin

(a) Linear geomorphic features of the eastern boundary faults (F_2-4 and F_2-5) of the Woka Basin; (b) Geomorphic features of atriangular fault surface along the F_2-5 fault (facing NE); (c) Linear features of vegetation coverage caused by the F_2-5 fault crossing the east side of the Renqinggang Temple (facing SE); (d) Sinistral deviation of water channels caused by the F_2-5 fault (facing SE)

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图 6 沃卡盆地盆内断裂（F_2-3）活动表现特征

a、b—断裂F_2-3穿越藏嘎村西侧形成的地震楔剖面特征（镜向北东）；c—断裂F_2-3穿越藏嘎村西侧山坡地表破裂带特征（镜向南）；d、e—断裂F_2-3穿越藏嘎村西侧断裂断错剖面特征（镜向北东）

Figure 6. Activity characteristics of the F_2-3 fault in the interior of the Woka Basin

(a)-(b) Characteristics of seismic wedge profiles formed by the F_2-3 fault crossing the western side of Zangga Village (facing NE); (c) Characteristics of the surface rupture zone of the F_2-3 fault crossing a hillside west of Zangga Village (facing S); (d)-(e) Characteristics of the F_2-3 fault profile on the western side of Zangga Village (facing NE)

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表 1 错那−沃卡断裂带断层活动对高原铁路工程影响评价表

Table 1. Evaluation of the impact of fault activity on the Plateau Railway project in the Cuona-Woka Fault Zone

断裂名称	编号	产状		断裂性质	活动时代	断裂带宽度/m	变形带宽度/m	影响线路位置
断裂名称	编号	走向	倾向	断裂性质	活动时代	断裂带宽度/m	变形带宽度/m	影响线路位置
沃卡盆地西边界断裂	F_2-1	由北东向转北北东向	北西向	正断	晚更新世	0	16	藏嘎隧道
沃卡盆地西边界断裂	F_2-2	由北东向转南北走向	南东向	正断	晚更新世	0	16
沃卡盆地盆内断裂	F_2-3	北东向	南东向	正断	全新世	0	30
沃卡盆地东边界断裂	F_2-4	由北东向转南北走向	由北西向转向西	正断	全新世	0	30	桑珠岭隧道
沃卡盆地东边界断裂	F_2-5	由北东向转南北走向	由北西向转向西	正断	全新世	0	30	桑珠岭隧道

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