Fault damage zone and its unmanned aerial vehicle identification technology
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摘要: 断裂及其影响带作为构造地质学中基本的构造单元之一，在揭示区域构造演化规律、探究断裂构造演化特征、指示地下流体运移路径、评价重大工程岩体稳定性等方面具有重要的研究和工程意义。然而，传统研究方法多依赖人工编录获取断裂及周边的节理构造信息，存在着效率低下、易受复杂地形限制等问题。近年新兴起的无人机航测技术很好地弥补了传统方法中的不足，该方法集数据采集、地形测绘和动态监测为一体，其生成的高分辨率数字模型和影像能更有效地减少野外工作量、更直观地展现地貌特征、更方便地提取构造信息。为了更好地将该方法推广至构造地质和地质工程等领域，尤其是断裂及影响带这一研究方向，在大量文献调研的基础上，针对不同的应用场景对现有研究进行了分类和比较。详细论述了无人机航测技术的基本原理、断裂影响带的定义及伴生构造，列举了目前应用较多的关于断裂影响带范围、构造特征的识别方法，归纳整理了部分无人机航测技术在断裂影响带研究中的应用场景。总的来说，目前无人机航测技术在断裂及其影响带的研究中已经有了广泛的应用，且能够满足不同的研究需求，但其在前端（构造信息拾取）和后端(构造信息解译）中还存在尚未解决的问题，在未来仍然拥有广阔的应用和发展空间。Abstract:
Objective In structural geology, faults and their damage zones are fundamental structural units that hold significant research and engineering value. They can be usde to reveal the evolution laws of regional structures and the evolution characteristics of fault structures, to indicate the migration paths of underground fluids, and to evaluate the stability of major engineering rock masses. However, traditional research methods often rely on manual recording to obtain information on fractures and surrounding joint structures, which suffer from inefficiency and susceptibility to limitations imposed by complex terrain. The emerging unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial survey technology in recent years has effectively addresses the limitations of traditional methods. This method integrates data acquisition, terrain mapping, and dynamic monitoring. It generates high-resolution digital models and images that can more effectively reduce field workload, more intuitively display terrain features, and more conveniently extract structural information. This method can be applied more broadly to the field of structural geology and geological engineering, especially when studying faults and damage zones. Methods Based on an extensive literature review, we categorized and compared existing research in relation to different application scenarios. Results This study provides a detailed explanation of the basic principles of UAV aerial survey technology and the definition of fault damage zones and associated structures. It also enumerates widely used methods for identifying the extent of fault damage zones and characterizing structural features. Additionally, application scenarios of UAV aerial survey technology within fault damage zones are summarized. Conclusion Overall, UAV aerial survey technology has been widely applied in the study of faults and their damage zones, meeting various research needs. However, challenges remain in both the front-end (structural information acquisition) and back-end (structural information interpretation) processes, leaving ample room for future applications and advancements. -
图 1 断裂影响带位置示意图（据Choi et al.，2016修改）
Figure 1. The spacial relation between fault damage zones and the fault core (mofified after Choi et al., 2016)
图 2 断裂影响带分类示意图（据Kim et al.，2004修改）
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the fault damage zone classification (modified after Kim et al., 2004)
图 3 端部影响带伴生构造（据Kim et al.，2004修改）
a—翼型断裂；b—马尾状断裂；c—同向分支断裂；d—反向断裂
Figure 3. Structures associated with tip damage zones (modified after Kim et al., 2004)
(a) wing cracks; (b) horsetail fractures; (c) synthetic branch faults; (d) antithetic faults
图 4 断裂阶区伴生构造的示意图（据Kim et al.，2003修改）
a—张性阶区中的透镜体；b—压性阶区中的透镜体；c—张性阶区中的拉分构造；d—压性阶区中的挤压断裂构造
Figure 4. Structures associated with linking damage zones (modified after Kim et al., 2003)
(a) Lenticular body in a releasing stepover; (b) Lenticular body in a restraining stepover; (c) Pull-apart structure in a releasing stepover;(d) Compressional fault in a restraining stepover
图 5 主断裂影响带伴生构造（据许顺山等，2017修改）
a—反向共轭断裂；b—同向共轭断裂；c—里德尔剪切
Figure 5. Structures associated with wall damage zones (modified after Xu et al., 2017)
(a) Antithetic faults; (b) Synthetic faults; (c) Riedel Shear
图 6 圆形测窗示意图（况杰等，2018）
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the circular measuring window (Kuang et al., 2018)
图 7 节理不同交切模式与断裂位置关系
Figure 7. The relationship between intersection modes of joints and fracture areas
图 8 根据节理线密度累计频率计算影响带范围（据Choi et al.，2016修改）
a—莫阿布断裂带北端地质背景；b—根据线密度累计频率确定影响带范围示意图；c—巴特利特沃什北部研究区域实景
Figure 8. Calculation of cumulative frequency of linear density and influence band range (modified after Choi et al., 2016)
(a) Geological background of the study area; (b) Schematic diagram of determining the range of damage zone based on the cumulative frequency of line density; (c) Actual view of the research area
图 9 2种无人机航测原理示意图
a—遥感解译原理；b—航空摄影原理
Figure 9. Schematic diagrams of two UAV aerial survey principles
(a) Schematic diagram of LiDAR; (b) Schematic diagram of SfM
图 10 根据节理线密度分析断裂影响带宽度（据雷光伟等，2016；张培兴等，2021修改）
Figure 10. Judging the width of the fracture zone based on the linear joint density (modified after Lei et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2021)
图 11 识别冲沟水平位错（据熊保颂和李雪，2020修改）
a—阿尔金断裂中段影像图； b—戈壁岭研究区域部分冲沟模型； c—冲沟位错解译
Figure 11. Identifying horizontal dislocations in hydrographic nets (modified after Xiong and Li, 2020)
(a) Imagery of the central segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault; (b) Regional gully model in the Gebiling area; (c) Gully dislocation interpretation
图 12 地表破裂及冲沟水平位错识别（据张志文等，2021；李东臣等，2022修改）
a—2021年玛多MS7.4地震区域地震构造图；b—地表破裂实景； c—无人机影像识别冲沟位错和地表破裂
Figure 12. Identifying surface fractures and horizontal dislocations in gullies (modified after Zhang et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022)
(a) Seismotectonic map of the 2021 MS 7.4 Madoi earthquake region; (b) Field photograph of a surface rupture; (c) UAV image recognition of gully dislocations and surface fractures
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