Research on the charging periods of the ultra-shallow play in front of the Hashan area, northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山山前超剥带油气资源丰富，具有多层系含油、源−藏关系复杂的特点。超浅层是目前哈山地区油气勘探的重点层系，明确其油气藏充注时期和调整过程等成藏机理问题，对于研究哈山油藏富集规律具有重要的理论和实际意义。通过对哈山山前地区油气藏样品进行流体包裹体均一温度、盐水包裹体盐度特征以及定量颗粒荧光、方解石U-Pb定年等分析，开展油气包裹体特征、地层古温度和古油藏流体界面的研究，标定热事件时间，探讨该区超浅层油藏成藏机制、特征及成藏期次和聚集规律。研究结果表明，流体包裹体类型多样，其荧光颜色和强度变化表明发育多期不同成熟度的烃类流体，且流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在70~90 ℃和100~130 ℃区间。定量颗粒荧光技术显示，油气运移具有明显的动态过程，主要表现为从南向北的多次调整和聚集，侏罗系和白垩系分别以持续充注型和晚期充注型颗粒荧光特征为主，反映了不同地层的油气充注特征。方解石的U-Pb同位素测年结果表明，在研究区分别于133 Ma和73 Ma发生过至少2次热事件。结合流体包裹体盐水均一温度测量和定量颗粒荧光分析，揭示研究区经历了2期油气充注和调整过程，油气成藏时间为早白垩世和晚白垩世。应用流体包裹体、定量颗粒荧光和方解石U-Pb定年耦合技术为复杂构造带油气成藏提供了重要的方法手段，为厘定成藏期次提供了精确方法。Abstract:
Objective The Hala’alat Mountain front-overthrust belt, renowned for its abundant hydrocarbon resources, is characterized by multi-layer oil-bearing systems and intricate source-reservoir relationships. Ultra-shallow strata have emerged as an important domain for resource evaluation and exploration in this region. However, the timing of hydrocarbon charging and adjustment processes and the complex accumulation mechanisms of ultra-shallow reservoirs remain inadequately understood, posing significant challenges for exploration planning and appraisal programs. This study endeavors to unravel the genetic characteristics, accumulation stages, and dynamic mechanisms of ultra-shallow reservoirs in the Hala’alat Mountain front, with the goals of enhancing the theoretical framework for hydrocarbon enrichment patterns in structurally complex zones and providing actionable insights for future exploration endeavors. Methods To achieve this objective, an integrated suite of analytical techniques was meticulously employed. Homogenization temperature measurements and salinity analysis of fluid inclusions were conducted to decipher thermal histories and fluid evolution. Quantitative grain fluorescence (QGF) analysis was utilized to track hydrocarbon migration pathways and accumulation dynamics. Calcite U–Pb geochronology provided precise temporal constraints for thermal events and hydrocarbon charging episodes. These methods were systematically applied to reservoir rock samples, enabling a comprehensive investigation of fluid inclusion characteristics, paleo-temperature evolution, and paleo-fluid interfaces. By constraining the thermal event chronology, we aimed to reconstruct the intricate hydrocarbon charging and adjustment processes that have shaped the current reservoir configuration. Results (1) The analysis revealed a diverse array of fluid inclusion types, with variations in fluorescence color and intensity indicative of multiple stages of hydrocarbon charging, each with a distinct maturity levels. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous inclusions exhibited two predominant intervals: 70–90°C and 100–130°C. These temperature ranges correspond to distinct thermal episodes, reflecting varying paleo-thermal regimes that influenced hydrocarbon maturation and migration. (2) The QGF profiles provided compelling evidence of dynamic hydrocarbon migration processes, showcasing multiple northward adjustments and accumulations over geological time scales. Notably, Jurassic strata displayed continuous charging characteristics, suggesting prolonged hydrocarbon influx, while Cretaceous reservoirs exhibited late-stage charging patterns, reflecting differential hydrocarbon charging histories across stratigraphic units. This stratigraphic variation in charging behavior offers crucial insights into the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrocarbons within the study area. (3) Calcite U–Pb dating identified two major thermal events at approximately 133 Ma (Early Cretaceous) and 73 Ma (Late Cretaceous). These events are temporally correlated with significant tectonic activities in the study area, including regional compression and fault reactivation. (4) The integration of homogenization temperatures, QGF data, and U–Pb ages revealed a two-phase hydrocarbon charging history. The first phase occurred during the Early Cretaceous (133 Ma), characterized by initial hydrocarbon accumulation driven by regional tectonic compression. The second phase took place during the Late Cretaceous (73 Ma), marked by structural adjustment and hydrocarbon redistribution. These phases were primarily driven by tectonic forces that facilitated vertical migration and redistribution of hydrocarbons into ultra-shallow traps, highlighting the interplay between tectonic events and hydrocarbon accumulation. Conclusions The ultra-shallow reservoirs in the Hala’alat front have undergone two critical accumulation phases: the Early Cretaceous initial charging phase and the Late Cretaceous structural adjustment phase. Hydrocarbon migration pathways were predominantly controlled by fault systems, which acted as migration carriers. The northward adjustments were facilitated by differential uplift and the caprock integrity, ensuring the preservation of hydrocarbons within the reservoirs. The coupling of fluid inclusion thermometry, QGF, and U–Pb dating has proven to be a robust and innovative toolkit for resolving multi-stage accumulation processes in complex thrust belts. This methodological integration not only enhances our understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms but also provides a precise framework for identifying and dating these events. This study establishes a novel and comprehensive methodology for deciphering multi-phase hydrocarbon accumulation in tectonically active regions. [ Significance ] By offering critical insights into the timing, pathways, and driving mechanisms of hydrocarbon charging, this study provides a solid foundation for predicting ultra-shallow reservoir distributions in similar geological settings. The integration of chronostratigraphic and fluid dynamic analyses advances the theoretical understanding of hydrocarbon enrichment mechanisms in foreland thrust belts, with direct implications for exploration strategies and resource evaluation in analogous basins. Furthermore, the methodological framework developed in this study can be adapted and applied to other complex structural zones, potentially revolutionizing our approach of hydrocarbon exploration in challenging geological environments. -
图 1 哈山地区油田分布及底层综合柱状图
a—准噶尔盆地北缘哈山地区勘探形势图；b—哈山地层综合柱状图；c—哈山地质构造剖面图（剖面位置见图1a）
Figure 1. Distribution of oil fields and comprehensive stratigraphic chart for the Hashan Area
(a) Exploration status of the Hasan Area at the northern margin of the Junggar Basin; (b) Comprehensive stratigraphic chart of the Hashan Area; (c) Geological cross-section of the Hashan Area
图 2 哈山地区中部典型钻井中流体包裹体岩相学特征
a—透明无色—浅灰色的含烃盐水包裹体，分布于方解石矿物缝洞内，侏罗系，哈浅21-浅8井440.5 m，单偏光；b—透明无色—浅灰色含烃盐水包裹体，沿方解石矿物微裂隙面分布，白垩系，哈浅23-浅8井183.5 m，单偏光；c—无色、淡黄色气液烃包裹体，分布于石英颗粒微裂隙内，侏罗系，哈浅22-浅3井803 m，单偏光；d—透明无色含烃盐水包裹体，分布于石英颗粒的微裂隙内，成带状，白垩系，哈浅23-浅10井224.1 m，单偏光
Figure 2. Petrographic characteristics of fluid inclusions in key wells in the central Hashan Area
(a) HQ21-Q8, 440.5 m, J, transparent colorless to light gray hydrocarbon-bearing saline inclusions in calcite mineral fractures and vugs (PPL); (b) HQ 23-Q8, 183.5 m, K, transparent colorless to light gray hydrocarbon-bearing saline inclusions in micro-fracture surfaces of calcite (PPL); (c) HQ22-Q3, 803 m, J, visible colorless and light yellow gas-liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in micro-fractures of quartz grains (PPL); (d) HQ23-Q10, 224.1 m, K, transparent hydrocarbon-bearing saline inclusions in micro-fractures of quartz grains (PPL)
图 3 哈山地区侏罗系、白垩系烃类包裹体荧光特征
a—砂砾岩缝洞中充填的油质沥青，侏罗系，哈浅22-浅1井634.1 m，单偏光；b—砂砾岩缝洞中的蓝色荧光包裹体，侏罗系，哈浅22-浅1井634.1 m，荧光；c—缝洞中充填方解石气液包裹体，侏罗系，哈浅22-浅3井805.1 m，单偏光；d—方解石中蓝色、黄色、黄褐色荧光气液烃包裹体，侏罗系，哈浅22-浅3井805.1 m，荧光；e—石英微裂隙中透明无色的液烃和浅灰色气液烃包裹体，白垩系，哈浅2-浅2井156.7 m，单偏光；f—蓝色、蓝绿色荧光包裹体，白垩系，哈浅2-浅2井156.7 m，荧光
Figure 3. Fluorescence characteristics of hydrocarbon inclusions in the Jurassic–Cretaceous strata of the Hashan Area
(a) Bitumen in conglomerate fractures and vugs (PPL), HQ22-Q1, 634.1 m, J; (b) Blue fluorescence in the conglomerate fractures and vugs (PVL), HQ22-Q1, 634.1 m, K; (c) Gas-liquid inclusions in calcite fractures and vugs (PPL), HQ22-Q3, 805.1 m, J; (d) Blue, yellow, and yellow-brown fluorescent gas-liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in calcite (PVL), HQ22-Q3, 805.1 m, K; (e) Transparent colorless liquid hydrocarbons and light gray gas-liquid hydrocarbon inclusions in quartz fractures (PPL),, HQ2-Q2, 156.7 m, J; (f) Blue and blue-green fluorescent inclusions (PVL), HQ2-Q2, 156.7 m, K.
图 4 哈浅21-浅8井不同荧光颜色的烃类包裹体
a—哈浅21-浅8井地层综合柱状图；b—d—清水河组浅灰色、浅褐色盐水包裹体，440.5 m，单偏光；e—g—清水河组淡褐色烃类包裹、蓝色烃类包裹体、褐色含油荧光和深灰色的气烃包裹体，465.5 m，荧光；h—j—西山窑组淡黄色和蓝色包裹体，471.5 m，荧光；k—m—西山窑组二段蓝绿色、淡蓝色烃类包裹体，516.75 m，荧光
Figure 4. Fluid inclusions with different fluorescence colors in the Well HQ21-Q8
(a) The comprehensive column graph of HQ21-Q8；(b–d) Shallow gray and light brown saline inclusions, 440.5 m (PPL); (e–g) Light brown and blue hydrocarbon inclusions, brown oily fluorescence and dark gray gaseous inclusions, 465.5 m(PVL); (h–J) Light yellow and blue inclusions,471.5 m (PVL); (k–m) Blue-green and light blue hydrocarbon inclusions, 516.75 m (PVL)
图 5 哈山地区侏罗系—白垩系与烃类共生的盐水包裹体均一温度直方图
Figure 5. Histogram of homogenization temperatures of brine water and hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in the Hashan Area
图 6 哈山地区超浅层烃类共生盐水包裹体均一温度与盐度交汇图
Figure 6. Cross plot of homogenization temperatures and salinities of hydrocarbon-associated brine inclusions in the Hashan Area
图 7 颗粒荧光显示组合模式分类图
X轴为QGF-E强度趋势，从低到高代表晚期未发生充注到晚期发生显著充注；Y轴为QGF-Index强度趋势，从低到高代表早期未发生充注到早期发生显著充注
Figure 7. Classification of combined fluorescence display patterns of particles
X-axis: QGF-E trend (low to high: insufficient to significant charge at the late stage); Y-axis: QGF-Index trend (low to high: insufficient to significant charge at the early stage)
图 8 哈浅22-浅3井—哈浅23井—哈浅23-浅1井—哈浅23-浅10井定量颗粒荧光连井剖面图
Figure 8. Quantitative particle fluorescence profiles of Wells HQ 22-Q3, HQ23, HQ23-Q1, and HQ23-Q10
图 9 哈浅22井侏罗系—白垩系储层QGF-Index、QGF-E参数及荧光光谱
a—哈浅22井综合地层及颗粒荧光指数柱状图；b—不同深度段的荧光光谱图
Figure 9. QGF Index, QGF E, and fluorescence spectra of Well HQ 22
(a) Comprehensive column chart with QGF Index and QGF E of Well Haqian 22; (b) Fluorescence spectra chart at different depths
图 10 哈山地区哈浅20井清水河组方解石U-Pb定年结果
a—白垩系砂砾岩Ⅰ期方解石脉充填，哈浅23-浅10井224 m，显微照片；b—白垩系砂砾岩Ⅱ期方解石脉充填，哈浅23-浅10井225 m，显微照片；c—侏罗系砂岩Ⅰ期方解石脉充填，哈浅20井514 m，显微照片；d—白垩系砂岩Ⅱ期方解石充填，哈浅20井454 m，显微照片；e—第Ⅰ期方解石原位U-Pb定年结果；f—第Ⅱ期方解石原位U-Pb定年结果
Figure 10. U–Pb dating of calcite from the Qingshuihe Formation of Wells Haqian 23-Q10 and HQ 20 in the Hashan Area
(a) Cretaceous sandstone: Stage I calcite vein filling, Well Haqian 23-Q10, 224 meters, photomicrograph; (b) Cretaceous sandstone: Stage II calcite vein filling, Well Haqian 23-Q10, 225 meters, photomicrograph; (c) Jurassic sandstone: Stage I calcite vein filling, Well Haqian 20, 514 meters, photomicrograph; (d) Cretaceous sandstone: Stage II calcite vein filling, Well Haqian HQ20, 454 m, K, photomicrograph; (e) In-situ U–Pb dating results of the first-stage calcite; (f) In-situ U–Pb dating results of the second-stage calcite.
图 11 哈山山前构造浅层含油气系统埋藏史、热史和成藏史综合图
①哈山白垩系测得自生伊利石K-Ar年龄（白国娟，2009））；②方解石U-Pb定年年龄；③准噶尔北缘磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟第2次热事件时间（李振华，2011）；④磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟第3次弱热事件时间（李振华，2011）；⑤方解石U-Pb定年年龄；⑥准噶尔北缘东段磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）峰值年龄（王志维，2009）；⑦准噶尔北缘东段AFT峰值年龄（王志维，2009）；⑧准噶尔北缘侏罗系油砂Re-Os等时线年龄（黄少华等，2018）
Figure 11. Petroleum system chart of shallow oil- and gas-bearing systems in the Hashan area
① The K–Ar age of authigenic illite measured for the Cretaceous strata of the Hasanshan area (Bai, 2009); ② The U–Pb age of calcite of this study, 72.8 ± 0.48 Ma; ③ The timing of the second thermal event obtained by apatite fission track dating (Li, 2011); ④ The timing of the third weak thermal event determined with the apatite fission track method (Li, 2011); ⑤ The U–Pb age of calcite of this study, 133.6 ± 2.7 Ma; ⑥ The AFT peak age of 90 Ma (Wang, 2009); ⑦ The AFT peak age of 70 Ma (Wang, 2009); ⑧ The Re–Os isochron age of Jurassic oil sands, 155 ± 2.7 Ma (Huang et al., 2018).
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