2023年9月9日摩洛哥<i>M</i> 6.9地震静态应力触发研究

王润妍; 万永魁; 关兆萱; 黄少华; 顾培苑; 宋泽尧; 周明月

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024039

2023年9月9日摩洛哥M 6.9地震静态应力触发研究

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2024039

1.
防灾科技学院地球科学学院，河北三河 065201
2.
廊坊市地球探测与信息技术重点实验室，河北三河 065201

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42174074，41674055， 42364005）

详细信息

作者简介:
王润妍（2000—），女，在读硕士，主要从事构造应力场、地震应力触发方面的研究工作。Email：yan8959853@163.com

通讯作者:
万永魁（1989—），男，讲师，主要从事地球动力学和地壳应力场方面研究工作。Email：1069839372@qq.com

中图分类号: P315
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-17
- 修回日期: 2025-02-14
- 录用日期: 2025-02-20
- 预出版日期: 2025-02-28
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-27

Static stress triggering of Morocco M 6.9 earthquake on 9 September 2023

1.
School of Geosciences, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, Hebei, China
2.
Langfang Key Laboratory of Earth Exploration and Information Technology, Sanhe 065201, Hebei, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42174074, 41674055, and 42364005).

摘要

摘要: 库仑应力变化是研究地震触发效应和评估地震危险性的重要工具。为研究2023年9月9日摩洛哥M 6.9地震的静态库仑破裂应力对周围的触发作用，通过确定发震断层的几何形态和滑动性质，分析地震产生的同震位移场及地表应变场，评估主震对余震及周围断层的触发效应，揭示了该地震对区域地震活动性的影响。首先，利用“中心解”算法确定该地震可能发生的2个节面，并将当地应力场投影到这2个节面上，选择库仑应力较大的节面作为发震断层面；并基于统计公式，确定该发震断层面的滑动性质；在均匀弹性半空间理论模型下，构建地震作用下区域同震位移场及地表应变场。其次，假定接收断层的余震震源机制与主震一致，计算主震对余震的触发作用。最后，计算主震在周围断层上产生的库仑破裂应力变化，评估地震危险性。研究结果表明，震中物质向外涌出，南北两侧物质向内涌入，震中表现为隆升，南北两侧略微沉降；主震产生的静态库仑应力促进了大部分浅层余震的发生，大量余震处于库仑应力变化高值区；此外，南阿特拉斯断层西段—西南段、北阿特拉斯断层南段以及南苏斯断层西段的库仑应力高值区均超过0.01 MPa阈值，地震危险性极高，值得关注。
- 摩洛哥M 6.9地震 /
- 应力触发 /
- 库仑应力 /
- 发震断层
Abstract: Objective Coulomb stress change is an important tool for studying earthquake triggering effects and assessing seismic hazard. In order to study the triggering of the static Coulomb Failure Stress(CFS) of the M 6.9 earthquake in Morocco on September 9, 2023, the study determined the geometric configuration and slip properties of the seismogenic fault, analyzed the co-seismic displacement field and surface strain field generated by the earthquake, and evaluated the triggering effects of the mainshock on aftershocks and surrounding faults, revealing the impact of this earthquake on regional seismic activity. Methods Using the "central solution" algorithm, two possible nodal planes of the earthquake were determined, and the local stress field was projected onto these two planes. The nodal plane with higher Coulomb stress was selected as the seismogenic fault plane (strike 253.44°, dip 45.43°, rake 81.05°). Based on statistical formulas, the slip properties of the seismogenic fault plane were determined. Under the homogeneous elastic half-space theoretical model, the co-seismic displacement field and areal strain field of the region were constructed. Subsequently, assuming that the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks on the receiver faults were consistent with the mainshock, the triggering effect of the mainshock on the aftershocks was calculated. Finally, the Coulomb stress changes induced by the mainshock on the surrounding faults were computed to assess the seismic hazard. Results The results show that the material at the epicenter moved outward, while the material on the north and south sides moved inward, resulting in uplift at the epicenter and slight subsidence on the north and south sides. The static Coulomb stress generated by the mainshock promoted the occurrence of most shallow aftershocks, with a large number of aftershocks located in areas of high Coulomb stress change. Additionally, the western and southwestern segments of the South Atlas Fault, the southern segment of the North Atlas Fault, and the western segment of the South Sous Fault all exhibited Coulomb stress change values exceeding the 0.01 MPa threshold, indicating a very high seismic hazard that warrants attention. Conclusion The study demonstrates that the static CFS generated by the M 6.9 earthquake in Morocco significantly influenced the surrounding seismic activity. The mainshock not only promoted the occurrence of aftershocks but also increased the stress on surrounding faults, particularly in the western and southwestern segments of the South Atlas Fault, the southern segment of the North Atlas Fault, and the western segment of the South Sous Fault. [Significance] The study not only assessed the seismic hazard in the region but also provided a foundational dataset for geodynamic research in the area. It contributes to enhancing earthquake monitoring, prediction, and risk mitigation capabilities, promotes the formulation of relevant policies, and safeguards people's lives and property. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of earthquake triggering is of great significance for strengthening post-earthquake scientific research and improving society's ability to respond to earthquakes.
- Morocco M 6.9 earthquake /
- stress triggering /
- Coulomb failure stress /
- seismogenic fault

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图 1 摩洛哥6.9级地震的地质构造背景（据香港中文大学地震学实验室资料https://cuhk.edu.hk/修改）

黄色线条是板块边界线；红色方框为研究区（29.2°—34.5°N、3.5°—10°W）；红色线条表示主要逆断层；红色沙滩球是此次摩洛哥6.9级地震；蓝色小沙滩球表示该区域1976年1月1日—2023年9月9日发生过的地震（https://www.globalcmt.org）

Figure 1. Geological tectonics of the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake (according to the data from the Seismology Laboratory of the Chinese University of Hong Kong https://cuhk.edu.hk/, revised)

The yellow line is the plate boundary line, the red box indicates the study area (29.2°N—34.5°N, 3.5°W—10°W), the red lines indicate major reverse faults, the red beach ball is the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake, and the small blue beach balls indicate historical earthquakes in the region from January 1, 1976 to September 9, 2023 (https://www.globalcmt.org).

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图 2 摩洛哥6.9级地震的震源机制中心解

N、S、W、E表示地理方位北南西东；U、D表示上、下；图2a中红色箭头表示压轴（P轴）方向；黑色弧线是震源机制中心解的2个节面，绿色弧线为应力场不确定范围的剪应力最大节面，红点、蓝点、黄点表示中心解的P轴、T轴、B轴（中间轴），灰、蓝、黄3个圆弧形范围是震源机制中心解的P轴、T轴、B轴不确定性范围，黑点、灰点是各震源机制解T轴、P轴的投影，紫色弧线表示各研究机构的震源机制解节面；图2b中蓝色表示压缩区，红色表示膨胀区（万永革等，2011；李佺洪和万永革，2024）a—地震震源机制中心解的等面积投影；b—地震震源机制中心解的空间三维辐射花样

Figure 2. The central focal mechanism of the Morocco 6.9 magnitude earthquake

(a) Equal-area projection of the central focal mechanism of the earthquake; (b) 3-D radiation pattern of the central focal mechanism of the earthquake N, S, W, E denote north, south, west and east, respectively; U, D denote up and down; large red arrow denotes the direction of the pressure axis (P-axis); black arcs are the two nodal planes of the central focal mechanism solution; the green arcs are the maximum shear stress nodal plane under the range tectonic stress uncertainty; the red, blue, and yellow dots denote the P-axis, the T-axis, and the B-axis of the central solution; the red, blue, and yellow arcs are the uncertainty ranges of the P-, T-, and B-axes of the central solution; the black and green dots are the projections of the T- and P-axes of the solutions of each focal mechanism; the purple arcs indicate the focal mechanism solution nodal planes for each research organization in figure 2a; the blue show the compression zones; and the red show the expansion zones in figure 2b (Wan et al., 2011;Li and Wan, 2023).

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图 3 摩洛哥地区构造应力场在不同走向和倾角的断层上的相对应力

沙滩球为应力场在对应走向和倾角的断层上的震源机制；底图颜色表示相应断层上的相对剪应力或正应力的大小a—节面上的相对剪应力； b—节面上的相对正应力

Figure 3. Relative stresses on faults with different strikes and dips generated by the tectonic stress field in the Moroccan region

(a) Relative shear stress on the fault plane; (b) Relative normal stress on the fault plane The beach ball is the focal mechanism of the stress field on the corresponding strike and dip, and the background color indicates the magnitude of the relative shear or normal stresses on the corresponding faults.

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图 4 摩洛哥M 6.9地震产生的同震位移场及地表水平主应变和面应变场

白色方框表示主震的发震断层位置；黑色线条表示主要逆断层；红色沙滩球是此次摩洛哥6.9级地震；图4a中箭头代表此次地震所产生的水平位移，颜色代表垂直位移，上升为正；图4b中黑色箭头和白色箭头分别表示水平主压应变和水平主张应变，背景色表示水平面应变，拉张为正a—摩洛哥M 6.9地震产生的同震位移场；b—摩洛哥M 6.9地震产生的地表水平主应变和面应变场

Figure 4. Co-seismic displacement field horizontal principal and areal strain fields produced by the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake

(a) Co-seismic displacement field generated by the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake; (b) Horizontal principal and areal strain fields at the surface generated by the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake The arrows represent the horizontal displacements produced by the earthquake in; and the background colors represent the vertical displacements; with the rise being positive in figure 4a. The black arrow and white arrow represent the horizontal principal compressive and extensional strain (in units of 10⁻⁹), respectively; The background color represents the horizontal areal strain, with the tensile being positive in figure 4b. White boxes indicate the location of the seismogenic fault of the main shock; black lines indicate major reverse faults; the red beach ball is the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake.

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图 5 摩洛哥地震在余震平均深度7 km处产生的库仑应力变化

白色圆圈表示2023年9月9日—9月20日深度小于30 km的摩洛哥M 6.9余震；白色方框表示主震的发震断层位置；黑色线条表示主要逆断层；红色沙滩球是此次摩洛哥M 6.9地震

Figure 5. Coulomb failure stress changes generated by the Morocco earthquake at the mean depth of (7 km) of the aftershocks

White circles indicate M 6.9 aftershocks in Morocco at depths less than 30 km from September 9 to September 20, 2023; white boxes indicate the location of the seismogenic fault of the main shock; black lines indicate major reverse faults; the red beach ball is the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake.

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图 6 摩洛哥M 6.9地震在周围主要断层面上产生的库仑应力变化

库仑应力变化采用断层填充颜色表示，大小如色标所示

Figure 6. Coulomb failure stress changes generated on the rupture of the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake

The CFS changes are indicated the fault filled colors according the colorbar at the bottom.

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表 1 2023年9月9日摩洛哥6.9级地震源机制解及得到的中心震源机制解的标准差

Table 1. The focal mechanism of the Morocco M 6.9 earthquake on September 9th, 2023 and their standard deviation of the central focal mechanism

序号	震源机制解走向/（°），倾角/（°），滑动角/（°）	数据来源	作为初始解得到的中心震源机制走向/（°），倾角/（°），滑动角/（°）	作为初始解得到的标准差S/（°）	以美国地质调查局（W-phase）结果作为初始解的中心震源机制与其他震源机制的最小空间旋转角/（°）
1	260，73，72	中国地震台网中心（https://news.ceic.ac.cn/）	253.44，45.43，81.04	35.259441	30.72
2	253，67，72	中国地震局地球物理研究所张喆（https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-0aUhZ7wKoNtFmEti9Lv-Q）	253.43，45.43，81.04	35.259441	23.28
3	255，29，69	美国国家地震信息中心（https://www.usgs.gov/）	253.44，45.43，81.04	35.259440	21.13
4	255，23，132	全球矩心矩张量（https://www.globalcmt.org/）	253.44，45.43，81.05	35.259440	54.19
5	262，21，78	德国地球科学研究中心（https://www.gfz.de/）	253.44，45.43，81.04	35.259440	26.87
6	257，37，59	巴黎地球物理研究所（https://www.ipgp.fr/）	253.43，45.43，81.03	35.259441	26.21
7	252，34，144	法属波利尼西亚探测与地球物理实验室（https://www.cppt.org/）	253.44，45.43，81.04	35.259440	64.98
8	259，30，68	意大利国立地球物理与火山学研究所（https://www.ingv.it/）	253.43，45.43，81.03	35.259442	23.52
9	255，69，69	美国地质调查局（https://www.usgs.gov/；W-phase）	253.44，45.43，81.05	35.259440	26.86
10	255，67，68	美国地质调查局（https://www.usgs.gov/）	253.43，45.43，81.04	35.259441	25.66

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表 2 主震在周边活动断层上产生的库仑应力变化

Table 2. Coulomb failure stress changes on the nearby active faults generated by the Morocco earthquake

断层名称	分段数	倾角/（°）	倾向	性质	滑动角/（°）	库仑应力变化区间/×10⁻⁶ MPa	平均库仑应力/×10⁻⁶ MPa
安提阿特拉斯断层南段	3	45	北	逆断	90	166.7~584.4	358.5
安提阿特拉斯断层北段	2	45	北	逆断	90	520.9~808.2	664.6
南苏斯断层中段	4	45	北	逆断	90	−46.6~4258.0	1148.7
南苏斯断层东段	2	45	北	逆断	90	−223.5~−110.9	−167.2
南苏斯断层西段	2	45	北	逆断	90	10530.0~10740.0	10635.0
南阿特拉斯断层中段	5	35	北西	逆断	90	−3378.0~−122.4	−856.4
南阿特拉斯断层西段	1	35	北西	逆断	90	21000.0	21000.0
南阿特拉斯断层西南段	3	35	北西	逆断	90	−744.2~13430.0	4035.2
北阿特拉斯断层南段	4	22	南西	逆断	90	−42470.0~33750.0	−2066.5
杰比莱特断层	4	45	南	逆断	90	−321.8~1020.0	236.7
北阿特拉斯断层北段	2	22	南西	逆断	90	−170.1~−34.7	−102.4

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