Preliminary analysis of the influence of the activity in the Yalu River fault zone on the Wulongbei geothermal hot springs in Dandong under the action of crustal stress
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摘要:
鸭绿江断裂带为郯庐断裂系的重要分支，现今构造活动强烈，沿断裂带出露温泉60余处，地热资源丰富。为查明断裂带南段五龙背地区的现今地应力状态和断层的活动性，研究断裂活动对温泉地热水体的控制作用和远期影响，采用水压致裂法对该区开展了12个测段的原位地应力测量。测量结果显示，在测段深度36.80~215.50 m范围内，最大、最小水平主应力及垂直主应力值（SH、Sh、Sv）分别为6.00~13.52 MPa、3.18~7.26 MPa和0.97~5.7 MPa，总体而言，3个主应力值呈现随深度的增加而逐渐增大的趋势，最大水平主应力方向以北东向为主；断裂带中段（198.60~207.80 m），主应力关系为SH>Sv>Sh，有利于走滑型活动，具有一定潜力的富水导水条件，断裂带上段（36.80~196.63 m）及下段（215.50 m），SH>Sh>Sv，有利于逆断层活动，热流通道纵向连续性欠佳，导水条件较差；根据现今应力场特征与断裂活动的关系推演，五龙背地区温泉水位下降可能是因为断裂在压应力作用下活动，导水系统空间受挤压逐渐缩小，其他方向径流排泄增多，导致温泉水源供给减少；基于库仑摩擦失稳理论，断裂带36.80~113.20 m深度范围内的地应力值达到了其活动需要的应力临界值下限，将来有可能发生错断活动，温泉地热水体的补给通道可能受到断裂活动的影响而发生改变。研究成果在断裂对温泉地热水体控制作用研究方面具有一定的理论意义，并积极探索了断裂带附近地应力测量在地热研究领域中的应用思路。
Abstract:The Yalu River fault zone is an essential branch of the Tanlu fault system with intense present-day tectonic activity. Over 60 hot springs are exposed along the fault zone with abundant geothermal resources. In order to find out the present-day crustal stress state and fault activity in the Wulongbei area of the southern section of the fault zone and to study the control and long-term influence of the fault activity on the geothermal water bodies of hot springs, in-situ stress measurements of 12 sections were carried out in the area by hydraulic fracturing method. The results showed that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses (SH and Sh) range from 6.00 to 13.52 MPa and 3.18 to 7.26 MPa, respectively, in the depth range of 36.80–215.50 meters. In general, the three principal stresses showed an increasing trend with depth; in the middle section of the fracture zone (198.60–207.80 m), the three principal stress values meet the relation of SH>Sv>Sh, which is favorable to the strike-slip activity and has some potential for water-rich hydraulic conductivity, while the three principal stress values of the upper section (36.80–196.63 m) and lower section (215.50 m) accord with SH>Sh>Sv, which is favorable to the reverse fault activity, with poor longitudinal continuity of heat flow channels and poor hydraulic conductivity. Based on the present-day relationship between stress field characteristics and fault activity, it is deduced that the decline of the hot spring level in the Wulongbei area may be due to the fault activity under compressive stress, which gradually reduced the space of the hydraulic conductivity system by extrusion, causing the increase of discharge of runoff in other directions and the reduction of hot spring water supply. Based on the Coulomb frictional instability theory, the in-situ stress value in the depth range of 36.80–113.20 m in the fault zone reaches the lower limit of the critical stress value required for its activity. There is a possibility of dislocation in the future, and the fault activity may change the hot spring geothermal water supply channel. The research results have theoretical significance in studying the role of faults in controlling hot spring geothermal water and applying in-situ stress measurements near fault zones in geothermal research.
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图 1 研究区地理位置及地质构造简图
F1—鸭绿江断裂带；F2—蚂蚁岭−五龙背断裂；F3—黄土坎−大堡断裂
Figure 1. Geographical location and tectonic diagram of the study area
F1–Yalu River fault zone; F2–Mayiling–Wulongbei fault; F3–Huangtukan–Dabao fault
图 2 主要断裂构造与温泉发育关系图（据李文庆，2015修改）
①—辽阳弧形断裂；②—寒岭−偏岭断裂带；③—海城−草河口断裂带；④—庄河−桓仁断裂带；⑤—刘家河−青堆子断裂带；⑥—四平街−凤城断裂带；⑦—鸭绿江断裂带；⑧—海城析木城−岫岩断裂带
Figure 2. Map showing the relationship between main faults and hot springs (modified from Li, 2015)
①–Liaoyang arc-shaped fault; ②–Hanling–Pianling fault zone; ③–Haicheng–Caohekou fault zone; ④–Zhuanghe–Huanren fault zone; ⑤–Liujiahe–Qingduizi fault zone; ⑥–Sipingjie–Fengcheng fault zone; ⑦–Yalu River fault zone; ⑧–Haichengximucheng–Xiuyan fault zone
图 3 地应力钻孔各测量段水压致裂曲线特征线特征
Figure 3. Curves of in-situ stress measured by hydraulic fracturing method in the test borehole
图 5 地应力钻孔主应力大小随深度分布
Figure 5. Distribution graph showing the borehole stress with depth
图 6 丹东五龙背温泉区断裂活动概化图
F1—鸭绿江断裂带；F2—蚂蚁岭−五龙背断裂；F3—黄土坎−大堡断裂
Figure 6. Schematic diagram showing the fault activities in the Wulongbei hot spring area
F1–Yalu River fault zone；F2–Mayiling–Wulongbei fault；F3–Huangtukan–Dabao fault
图 7 鸭绿江断裂带及其邻区构造应力场随深度变化
σ1一最大水平主应力a—上部36.80~196.63 m；b—中部198.60~207.80 m；c—下部215.50 m
Figure 7. Diagram showing the tectonic stress field of the Yalu River fault zone with depth
(a) Upper part (36.80–196.63 m); (b) Middle part (198.60–207.80 m); (c)Lower part (215.50 m)σ1–the maximum horizontal stress
图 8 鸭绿江断裂带对温泉水位控制作用概念模型
Figure 8. Conceptual model of the control effect of the Yalu River fault zone on the water level of the hot springs
图 9 库仑摩擦滑动准则评价结果和断层应力状态分析
Figure 9. Graph displaying evaluation results of Coulomb friction sliding criterion and stress state analysis of the fault
表 1 鸭绿江断裂带温泉状况
Table 1. List of hot springs in the Yalu River fault zone
温泉名称 出露位置 采水量/(m3·d−1) 水温/℃ 温泉井数（利用数/总数） 五龙背 振安区五龙背镇 2300 72 13/19 炮守营 元宝区炮守营村 700 53 4/4 东汤 凤城市东汤镇 2400 73 2/2 草河 凤城市草河经济区 580 40 0/6 宝山 凤城市宝山镇 120 46 1/1 北汤 凤城市刘家河镇 / 45 1/2 汤池子 东港市汤池镇 / 38 1/2 北井子 东港市北井子镇 240 53 1/1 椅圈 东港市椅圈镇 200 71 3/3 合计 / 6990 / 26/39 
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表 2 地应力钻孔水压致裂地应力测量结果
Table 2. Results of the in-situ stress measured by hydraulic fracturing method in the test borehole
测段深
度/m破裂压力
Pb/MPa重张压力
Pr/MPa瞬时关泵压力
Ps/MPa抗拉强度
T/MPa孔隙水压力
P0/MPa最大水平主应力
SH/MPa最小水平主应力
Sh/MPa垂直主应力
Sv/MPa最大主应
力方向36.80 7.01 4.42 2.82 2.59 0.36 6.00 3.18 0.97 NE 58.94° 86.88 7.39 5.58 4.22 1.81 0.85 9.29 5.07 2.30 92.22 6.73 5.45 3.87 1.28 0.90 8.64 4.77 2.44 101.68 12.51 8.08 6.26 4.43 1.00 13.52 7.26 2.69 113.20 7.83 6.16 4.91 1.67 1.11 10.93 6.02 3.00 132.85 10.98 5.61 3.85 5.37 1.30 9.00 5.15 3.52 144.70 12.40 8.92 5.49 3.48 1.42 12.40 6.91 3.83 159.70 8.74 5.07 3.68 3.67 1.57 8.93 5.25 4.23 NE 80.53° 196.63 6.68 4.88 3.33 1.80 1.93 8.59 5.26 5.20 198.60 5.01 3.66 2.21 1.35 1.95 6.37 4.16 5.25 207.80 7.57 4.63 2.95 2.94 2.04 7.94 4.99 5.50 215.50 9.91 5.78 4.24 4.13 2.11 10.59 6.35 5.70 NE 77.78° 注：地应力测量孔静水位5.63 m
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