Development of TY-series high-precision volumetric strain gauge: Analysis and application of its seismic reflection capability
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摘要:
文章综述了钻孔体应变仪的发展历程，针对体应变仪目前存在的稳定性和带宽不足、标定精度低等问题，创新与改进液压传感器、控制电路、标定方法等技术，研制出TY-2B型钻孔体积应变仪。改进的液压传感器提高了仪器精度，缩小了仪器体积；改善了控制电路，提高了仪器采样率、带宽及稳定性；创新的压电陶瓷标定技术提高了监测数据可靠性。测试结果表明改进型的TY-2B型体应变仪功耗低，小于3 W；长期稳定性好；灵敏度高，分辨率达到10−11ε；高频特性和低频特性好，采样率10~100 Hz，可采集完整地震应变波波形，固体潮波形清晰稳定；体积小重量轻，外径缩小至Φ89 mm，适用于Φ100 mm钻孔，长度1300 mm，重量45 kg，运输和安装方便。经室内检验、野外台站15年的测试，获取了良好的监测数据，体现了高灵敏的映震能力，龙门山北段体应变台站对2010年玉树地震及2023年土耳其地震的观测响应表明TY系列高精度体应变仪不仅是静态应变仪，还是宽频应变地震仪，具有动−静态标定能力，且相对于摆式地震仪有着极宽响应频带的独特优势，既可以观测地壳长期缓慢变形及其积累的特征，还可观测地壳破裂变形的瞬态细微特征。汶川地震以来青川—汉中地区体应变台站及2021年以来广州台站获取的监测曲线长期变化趋势与地震、构造地质等资料所反映的区域地质特征相符，表明TY-2B型体应变仪可在地球动力学研究、地质灾害预测预警等领域推广使用。
Abstract:The article reviews the development of the volumetric borehole strain gauge. In response to the current problems of insufficient stability and bandwidth and low calibration accuracy of the volumetric strain gauge, a TY-2B-type small volumetric borehole strain gauge was developed with innovative improvements in the hydraulic sensor, control circuit, and calibration method. The improved hydraulic sensor improves the accuracy and reduces the instrument’s volume; the improved control circuit increases the sampling rate, bandwidth, and the instrument’s stability; the innovative piezoelectric ceramic calibration technology raises the reliability of the monitoring data. The test results show that the improved TY-2B volumetric strain gauge has a low power consumption of less than 3 W, good long-term stability, high sensitivity with a resolution of 10-11 ε, and suitable high-frequency and low-frequency. It has a sampling rate of 100 Hz and can acquire complete seismic strain waveforms with precise and stable solid tide waveforms. It is small and light, with a reduced outer diameter of Φ89 mm for Φ100 mm drilling, a length of 1300 mm, and a weight of 45 kg for easy transport and installation. After 15 years of laboratory and field station testing, it obtained good monitoring data and demonstrated its highly sensitive seismic reflection capability. The observed response of the volumetric strain station in the northern section of Longmen Mountain to the 2010 Yushu earthquake and the 2023 Turkey earthquake shows that the TY-series high-precision volumetric strain gauge is not only a static strain gauge but also a broad-frequency strain seismograph with dynamic-static calibration capability. It has a unique advantage over pendulum seismometers in that it can observe both the long-term slow deformation and accumulation of deformation in the earth’s crust and the transient subtle features of crustal rupture and deformation. The long-term trends of the monitoring curves obtained from the Qingchuan–Hanzhong volumetric strain stations since the Wenchuan earthquake and the Guangzhou station since 2021 are consistent with the regional geological characteristics reflected by the seismic and tectonic geological data, indicating that the TY-2B volumetric strain gauge can meet the needs of geological scientific research and geological hazard observation.
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图 2 地质力学所自主研发的液位式TY-1型体应变仪及液压式TY-2B型体应变仪示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of liquid-level-type TY-1 volumetric strain gauge and hydraulic-type TY-2B volumetric strain gauge developed by the Institute of Geomechanics, CAGS
图 3 体积单元三轴向应力作用
σ—正应力；τ—常应力；ε—轴向应变
Figure 3. Triaxial stress action of volumetric elements
σ–positive stress；τ–normal stress；ε–axial strain
图 4 内径Φ8.1 cm的钢筒设置不同芯柱直径与体积压缩模量关系
Figure 4. Relationship between different core diameters and volumetric compression modulus for cylinder setup with an inner diameter of Φ 8.1 cm
图 5 应变仪的体应变−电转换关系图.
Figure 5. Volume strain-electric conversion diagram for a strain gauge
图 7 TY-2B型体应变仪结构示意图及实物
Figure 7. Structural diagram and profile display of TY-2B volumetric strain gauge
图 9 汶川地震及玉树地震前后体应变变化曲线
Figure 9. Volumetric strain curves recorded before and after the Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake
图 10 2023年2月6日土耳其地震体应变响应及其与摆式地震计响应对比
Figure 10. Volumetric strain response of the February 6, 2023 Turkish earthquake and its comparison with pendulum seismometer response
图 11 广州主要断裂活动造成的体应变变化模拟与实测曲线的对比
Figure 11. Comparison between measured curves and simulated volumetric strain changes caused by major fault activities in Guangzhou
表 1 TY-2B型体应变仪技术指标
Table 1. Technical index of TY-2B volumetric strain gauge
项目名称 技术指标 系统供电电压 12~48 V/DC 系统功耗 井下功耗<3 W AD位数 24位数据井下采集 系统采样速率 20~100Hz 数据传输模式 RS485传输 系统观测灵敏度 ≈1×10−11ε 系统观测动态范围 ≥1×105ε 
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表 2 广州主要断裂产状及活动特征
Table 2. Occurrence and activity characteristics of main faults in Guangzhou
断裂名称 断裂走向/（°） 断裂倾向 倾角/（°） 断裂长度/km 活动特征 白坭−沙湾断裂 320～330 SW/NE >50 125 正断 狮子洋断裂 310～330 NE/SW 70～85 50 正断 广州−从化断裂带 40 NW/SE 40～60 65 正断兼走滑
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