Key technology and application of DRY-1B capacitive component borehole strain gauge
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摘要:
文章简述了DRY-1B型电容分量式钻孔应变仪（简称“钻孔应变仪”）的理论基础，攻关了微位移感知、降噪、控温、性能测试、标定等关键技术，并通过了性能测试，标定结果表明：该应变仪达到了高分辨率（≥5×10−11ε）、宽频带（10～100 Hz可选）、大动态范围（≥1×10−3ε）、24位AD记录、低功耗（<3 W）等技术指标，其性能优于同期美国PBO和日本同类钻孔应变仪，是一款国际领先的地壳运动长期观测仪器，基本能够满足地壳长期应变缓慢积累的蠕变运动和短期应变快速变化的地震火山活动等观测需求。2008年以来，通过20余个地应力台站的应用，该钻孔应变仪记录到大量的地壳形变、断裂活动、同震应变波、应变阶跃、矿压活动等应变信息，并以北长山地应力台站应变监测数据自洽性检验和土耳其地震映震能力分析为例发现：北长山地应力台站电容传感器1#+3#和2#+4#元件应变曲线总体平稳，相关系数R2达到0.95；1#－3#和2#－4#元件的差应变年变化速率为10−8量级，反映出长岛地区以剪切应力为主，且处于地震活动相对高的应力环境；利用该应变仪观测到2023年2月6日土耳其M 7.8级和M 7.5级两次地震明显的同震应变响应，尤其是获取了M 7.8级主震面波周期为50~60 s，呈现出面波异常，理论上可分辨出100 km范围M 0.74级地震产生的应变波，达到了应用示范效果。该钻孔应变仪在地球动力学研究、内动力地质灾害监测等领域具有较好的推广价值和应用前景。
Abstract:This paper briefly describes the theoretical basis of the DRY-1B capacitive component drilling strain gauge (drilling strain gauge). It discusses critical technologies such as micro-displacement sensing, noise reduction, temperature control, performance testing, and calibration. The strain gauge achieved high resolution (≥5×10−11ε), wideband (10–100 Hz optional), extensive dynamic range (≥1×10−3ε), 24-bit AD recording, low power consumption (< 3W), and other technical indicators. Its performance is better than the United States PBO and Japan borehole strain gauge of the same period, and it is an international leading long-term observation instrument for crustal movement, which can basically meet the observation requirements of creep movement with slow accumulation of long-term strain and seismic and volcanic activity with a rapid change of short-term strain. Since 2008, through the application of more than 20 geostress stations, the borehole strain gauge has recorded a large amount of strain information, such as crustal deformation, fault activity, co-seismic strain wave, strain step, and ore pressure activity. Based on the results of the self-consistency test of strain monitoring data of the geostress station in the Beichangshan Mountain and the analysis of seismic mapping capacity of the Turkey earthquake, it is found that the strain curves of the 1#+3# and 2#+4# capacitance sensors at the Beichangshan Mountain stress station are generally stable, and the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.95. The annual variation rate of the differential strain of 1#–3# and 2#–4# elements is 10−8 magnitude, which reflects that the shear stress is dominant in the Long Island area and the stress environment of seismic activity is relatively high. The strain gauge was used to observe the apparent co-seismic strain response of Turkey’s M 7.8 and M 7.5 earthquakes on February 6, 2023. In particular, it obtained the M 7.8 main seismic surface wave period of 50–60 s, presenting an out-facing wave anomaly. Theoretically, the strain wave generated by the M 0.74 earthquakes within 100 km can be distinguished, and the application demonstration effect has been achieved. The borehole strain gauge has good popularization value and application prospects in geodynamics research and internal dynamic geological disaster monitoring.
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图 1 钻孔应变仪探头结构与电容传感器原理图
σ1—最大水平主应力，MPa；θ—测量轴线与地理北的夹角，（°）；φ—最大水平主应力与地理北的夹角，（°）；d1、d2—极板间距，μm
Figure 1. Diagram showing the working principle of capacitance displacement sensor
σ1–maximum horizontal principal stress, MPa; θ–angle between measurement axis and geographic north, (°); φ–angle between maximum horizontal principal stress and geographic north, (°)
图 2 电容位移传感器结构示意图
σ1—最大水平主应力，MPa；σ2—最小水平主应力，MPa；u-钻孔孔径位移量（即极板的位移量），μm；a、b、c—极板编号；d1—极板a和极板b之间的距离，μm；d2—极板b和极板c之间的距离，μm
Figure 2. Schematic showing the structure of capacitance displacement sensor
σ1–maximum horizontal principal stress, MPa; σ2–minimum horizontal principal stress, MPa; u–displacement of the pole plate, μm; a, b and c–pole plate numbers; d1–distance between pole plate a and pole plate b, μm; d2–distance between pole plate b and pole plate c, μm
图 3 双层驱动屏蔽环的电场整形作用
a—无屏蔽环−电极边缘场凌乱；b—有屏蔽环−电极边缘场稳定
Figure 3. The electric field shaping effect of the double-layer drive shielding ring
(a) Messy edge field of the no shielding ring-electrode; (b) Stable edge field of the shielded ring-electrode
图 5 分量式钻孔应变传感器线性标定曲线
Figure 5. Linear calibration curve of component-type borehole strain sensor
图 6 电容传感器微调与标定装置
a—电机驱动楔缝定位器（磁致伸缩标定器）；b—菱形螺杆定位器（压电陶瓷标定器）
Figure 6. Micro position-adjustment and calibration devices of capacitor sensor
(a) Motor driven wedge slider positioner (magnetostrictive calibrator); (b) Rhomboid screw positioner (piezoelectric ceramic calibrator
图 8 钻孔应变监测系统网络拓扑图
a—井下部分；b—井上部分
Figure 8. Network topology diagram of the borehole strain gauge monitoring system
(a) Under the shaft; (b) On the ground
图 9 长岛北长山地应力监测台站DRY-1B钻孔应变仪各分向元件安装方位图
Figure 9. Element orientation diagram of DRY-1B borehole strain gauge at Beichangshan in-situ stress station, changdao, Shandong
图 10 北长山台站四个分量应变趋势图（向上为压）
Figure 10. Curves of 4-component strain observed at the Beichangshan station (upward pressure)
图 11 2016年4月北长山台站1#元件（N15°）月应变曲线
Figure 11. Monthly strain curve of element 1# (N15°) at the Beichangshan station in April 2016
图 12 北长山台站应变趋势图（向上为压）
Figure 12. Strain observed curves of the Changdao station ( upward pressure)
图 13 2023.2.6土耳其两次地震同震应变曲线
Figure 13. Coseismic strain curves of the two earthquakes occured in Turkey on February 6, 2023
图 14 北长山台站记录的土耳其M 7.8级地震应变波Sn波到时（2月6日9时45分42秒）
Figure 14. Seismic strain Sn wave of the Turkey M 7.8 earthquake recorded by the Beichangshan station (9:45:42 on February 6 )
图 15 北长山台站记录的土耳其M 7.5级地震应变波Sn波到时（2月6日18时52分30秒）
Figure 15. Seismic strain Sn wave of the Turkey M 7.5 earthquake recorded by the Beichangshan station (18:52:30 on February 6)
表 1 系统技术指标
Table 1. Technical specifications of the borehole strain monitoring system
技术指标 技术参数 技术指标 技术参数 供电电压 12～48 V DC 数据传输模式/波特率 RS485/9600BPS 井下功耗 总功耗<3 W 通道/角度 4分量/45°分布 AD位数 内置数据采集，24位 观测分辨率 ≥5×10−11ε 采样速率 所有分量10～100 Hz 观测动态范围 ≥1×10−3ε 注：电子罗盘、温度、孔隙压问答式查询返回数据 
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