A brief talk on comprehensive crustal activity observation technology of deep-holes
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摘要:
岩石圈在地球内动力作用下，塑造出不同类型的地球表面形态，而通过钻孔地壳活动综合观测技术捕捉地壳应力状态及其动态变化规律，是人类认识地球内动力过程、研究内动力地质灾害机理的重要途径。文章总结了日本、美国等发达国家以及IODP国际合作研究计划在发展钻孔地壳活动综合观测技术方面的贡献，并对中国钻孔应变观测技术及其观测仪器发展历程、研发现状进行了系统性的总结，尤其是“十三五”以来，在深地深海探测国家战略的大背景下，中国地质调查局、中国地震局等单位相继完成井中综合地球物理观测系统研发工作，并在陆域综合观测站中完成野外验证。其中，中国地质科学院地质力学研究所利用系统集成关键技术成功研制的地壳活动综合地球物理观测系统，拥有应变、倾斜、地震、地磁、地温、孔隙压等多种传感器和15个分量，具备观测地壳变形、应力、应变、倾斜、地震及其诱导的地温、水文、地电、地磁等岩石圈地球动力相对变化的能力，已在甘肃山丹（安装深度253 m）、四川平武（WFSD-4，1600 m）观测站投入使用，取得了一定的成效，对中国未来突破3000 m深井地壳活动综合观测技术具有指导意义，可为地球动力学研究、深部矿产和地热资源安全开采、内动力地质灾害预测提供重要地应力动态变化信息。同时，以“十四五”深地深海探测国家战略为契机，提出了深井地壳活动综合观测系统的未来发展方向和构想。
Abstract:Under the action of the Earth’s inner dynamics, the lithosphere shapes different types of the Earth’s surface, and the crustal stress state and its dynamic change law are captured by the comprehensive observation technology of drilling crustal activity. It is an important way for human beings to understand the internal dynamic process of the Earth and study the mechanism of inner dynamic geological hazards. The contribution of developed countries such as Japan, the USA, and the IODP International Cooperative Research Program to the development of integrated borehole crustal observation technology is summarized in this paper. The paper also systematically reviews the development history and present situation of borehole strain observation technology and borehole strain observation instrument in China. Especially since the 13th Five-Year, under the background of the national strategy of deep-sea exploration, the China Geological Survey Bureau (CGS), the China Earthquake Administration, and other systems have successively carried out research and development of the integrated geophysics observation system in wells, and have been put into use in integrated land and sea observation stations. The Institute of Geomechanics has successfully developed an integrated geophysics observation system for crustal activity using the key techniques of system integration. The system has a variety of strain, tilt, seismic, geomagnetic, geothermal, pore pressure, other sensors, and 16 components capable of observing crustal deformation, stress, strain, tilt, earthquake, and their induced geodynamic changes in the lithosphere, such as geotemperature, hydrology, geoelectricity, geomagnetism, etc. It has been put into use in Shandan (installed depth 253 m) and Pingwu (WFSD-4, 1600 m) observatories in Gansu and Sichuan provinces and has achieved initial results. It is a milestone for our comprehensive crustal activity observation technology to break through the 3000-meter-deep well in the future. It can provide vital information for geodynamics research, safe exploitation of deep mineral and geothermal resources, and prediction of internal dynamic geological hazards. At the same time, based on the national strategy of deep-sea exploration in the 14th Five-year, the future development direction of integrated observation system of deep-well crustal activity is pointed out.
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图 1 美国Parkfield地震实验场深部钻孔计划(据Zoback et al., 1998修改)
Figure 1. Deep drilling plan of Parkfield Seismic Test Site in the United States (revised from Zoback et al., 1998)
图 2 Parkfield深井综合观测仪（据彭华等，2011修改）
Figure 2. Parkfield deep-well comprehensive observation instrument (revised from Peng et al., 2011)
图 3 日本深井地壳综合观测装置及其监测曲线（据苏恺之等，2003a；徐纪人和赵志新，2006修改）
a—地壳综合观测装置及配重； b—采用该装置获得各参量观测曲线
Figure 3. Japan deep-well integrated crustal observation device and its monitoring curves (a) Integrated crustal observation device and counterweight; (b) The observation curve of each parameter is obtained by using this device (revised from Su et al., 2003a; Xu and Zhao et al., 2006).
图 4 IODP钻孔长期监测系统（C0006G孔；据Kinoshita et al., 2018a修改）
Figure 4. Hole C0006G long-time borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) of IODP （revised from Kinoshita et al., 2018a）
图 5 深井地壳活动综合观测系统（据彭华等，2011a修改）
a—COBD系统；b— OPBD结构
Figure 5. Comprehensive observation system for deep borehole crustal activity (revised from Peng et al., 2011a) (a) COBD system; (b) OPBD structure
图 6 深井地壳活动综合观测系统主要测量单元记录曲线
Figure 6. Recording curves of the main measuring units of the deep-well crustal activity comprehensive observation system
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