Constraints for post-orogenic extension of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin from the Late Silurian–Late Devonian igneous rocks in the Gahai–Nanshan area
-
摘要: 柴达木盆地北缘(柴北缘)构造带经历了早古生代的大洋俯冲到大陆俯冲,形成了广为人知的柴北缘超高压变质带。早古生代造山带何时开始垮塌一直存在争论,火山岩和侵入岩作为深地岩石探针能为约束地壳活动提供关键制约。应用锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb年代学和Lu–Hf同位素方法对柴北缘东段尕海南山地区出露的牦牛山组火山碎屑岩和侵入其中的花岗岩开展研究。锆石U–Pb年代学结果显示,牦牛山组火山碎屑岩的形成时代约为423 Ma,侵入其中的花岗岩的形成时代为370 Ma,表明火山岩喷发的年龄在晚志留世,后期侵入的花岗岩结晶年龄为晚泥盆世;锆石Lu–Hf同位素结果显示,晚志留世熔结凝灰岩εHf(t)值集中在–11.5~–8.3,其两阶段Hf模式年龄集中在1945~2133 Ma,显示火山岩主要源于古老地壳物质熔融;而晚泥盆世侵入的花岗岩的εHf(t)值分布在3.9~9.1,其两阶段的Hf模式年龄集中在792~1118 Ma,显示花岗岩主要源于中—新元古代地壳物质的部分熔融。结合对区域地质、岩石学等资料的综合分析认为,晚志留世—早泥盆世时期,大陆深俯冲导致的强烈造山作用造成柴北缘地壳发生明显加厚,加厚的欧龙布鲁克地壳基底发生部分熔融,形成了该时期的火山岩;晚泥盆世时期,加厚地壳的拆沉作用导致软流圈地幔上涌,引发区域地壳伸展,上涌的软流圈物质与地壳相互作用并发生部分熔融作用。因此区域牦牛山组形成时代跨度较大,不能笼统地用牦牛山组代表造山结束的时限,晚泥盆世岩浆岩的出现才预示着柴北缘地区进入显著的地壳伸展状态。Abstract:
Objective The northern margin tectonic zone of the Qaidam Basin underwent a transition from oceanic subduction to continental subduction during the Early Paleozoic, resulting in the formation of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic zone known as the northern Qaidam tectonic zone (NQTZ). There has been a longstanding debate regarding the collapse time of the NQTZ. The Maoniushan Formation has long been regarded as a sign of the end of orogeny; however, recent studies show that the Maoniushan Formation has spanned a long time, and it is controversial when the orogenic belt began to collapse. This study aims to determine the age and genetic background of the Maoniushan Formation and to understand the tectonic transition process of the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from the Proto-Tethys to the Paleo-Tethys. Methods Deep-earth samples, including volcanic and intrusive rocks, offer valuable insights into the activity of the crust during this period. In order to investigate the volcaniclastic rocks and granites in the Gahai–Nanshan area, located in the eastern section of the NQTZ, zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb chronology and Lu–Hf isotope methods were employed to explore the formation age of igneous rocks and the characteristics of source rocks. Results The zircon U–Pb chronology reveals that the volcaniclastic rocks of the Maoniushan Formation originated approximately 423 Ma. Furthermore, the intrusive granite was formed at 370 Ma, indicating that the volcanic eruption occurred during the Late Silurian, while the subsequent intrusion and crystallization of the granites occurred during the Late Devonian. The zircon Lu–Hf isotope data reveals that the εHf(t) values of the Late Silurian tuffs are concentrated within the range of –11.5 to –8.3, and the corresponding two-stage Hf model ages are primarily between 1945–2133 Ma. These results indicate that the volcanic rocks predominantly originated from partially melting ancient crustal materials. In contrast, the εHf(t) values of the Late Devonian intrusive granites exhibit a distribution within the range of 3.9–9.1, accompanied by two-stage Hf model ages primarily falling within the 792–1118 Ma range. The results suggest that the granites mainly resulted from partially melting Meso-Neoproterozoic crustal materials. Based on a comprehensive analysis of regional geological and petrological data, it is postulated that the Late Silurian–Early Devonian witnessed pronounced orogenesis resulting from continental deep subduction. This event led to substantial crustal thickening in the NQTZ, where the thickened crustal basement of the Oulongbruk experienced partial melting, ultimately giving rise to the volcanic rocks observed during this period. During the Late Devonian, delamination of the thickened crust facilitated the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle, triggering regional crustal extension. The interaction between mantle material and crust results in the formation of granitic–volcanic rocks. Conclusion The Maoniushan Formation in the region encapsulates a significant period, making it unsuitable to represent the end of orogeny. Late Devonian igneous rocks indicate that the NQTZ entered a period of substantial crustal extension during this time. [ Significance ] The late Devonian igneous rocks of Maoniushan Formation regionally mark the end of orogeny and the beginning of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain. -
江汉一洞庭盆地是中南地区规模最大的第四纪盆地,以中部的华容隆起为界分为江汉盆地(北)和洞庭盆地(南)两部分。对洞庭盆地第四纪地质的调查由来已久①②③④,在第四纪沉积[1]、环境特征与演化过程[2~9]、构造活动特征[10~17]等方面取得大量成果认识。不过上述工作一般是关于第四纪洞庭盆地的整体性与概略性研究,很少涉及其内部不同构造单元的细节特征,因而也未充分揭示出洞庭盆地构造活动与沉积作用的横向差异。此外,受工作程度与认识角度的限制,对有关洞庭盆地第四纪地质问题,尤其是对构造性质与构造活动特征的认识尚存在一定分歧。如在第四纪洞庭盆地的构造属性方面,景存义[2]认为现今洞庭湖盆为断陷作用所致;杨达源[4]认为洞庭湖盆地第四纪为坳陷盆地;梁杏等[14]、皮建高等[6]认为早、中更新世为盆地的断陷阶段,晚更新世以来进入坳陷阶段。再如在近代洞庭湖演变成因方面,有人认为构造沉降是控制近代洞庭湖演变的关键因素[14~16],有人则认为泥沙淤积才是控制近代洞庭湖演变的主要因素[12]。总之,洞庭盆地第四纪地质尚待进一步深入研究。
① 周国棋,刘月朗.洞庭湖及外围地区的第四纪地层与新构造运动,1978.
② 陈发禅.洞庭湖第四纪地质,1981.
③ 张国梁,等.湖南省洞庭盆地第四纪地质研究报告,1990.
④ 湖南省地质研究所.洞庭湖区地质构造及湖泊形成演化历史,1998.
笔者近年来在该地区进行的1:25万区域地质调查表明,洞庭盆地及周缘地区第四纪构造活动与沉积作用存在较明显的横向差异和空间迁移①。因此,对不同构造单元或不同地区的第四纪地质特征进行详细解剖,不仅是细化调查区域的现实需要,同时也有助于更全面、更客观地认识洞庭盆地第四纪地质特征及构造活动规律。本文即对盆地东部沅江凹陷东缘鹿角地区的第四纪构造活动与沉积作用进行探讨,为洞庭盆地第四纪地质研究补充新的资料。
① 湖南省地质调查院,1:25万常德市幅区域地质调查报告,1:25万岳阳市幅区域地质调查报告,2009.
1. 区域地质背景
1.1 第四纪洞庭盆地构造格局
第四纪洞庭盆地西、南、东三面分别为武陵隆起、雪峰隆起和幕阜山隆起,北与江汉盆地相邻,其间为华容次级隆起。洞庭盆地内部由若干次级构造单元组成,自北西往南东有澧县凹陷、临澧凹陷、太阳山隆起、安乡凹陷、赤山隆起、沅江凹陷等(图 1)。
图 1 第四纪洞庭盆地构造格局1.前第四纪地层出露区;2.第四纪地层出露区;3.第四纪正断裂,齿向示下降盘;4.构造单元分界线;5.构造单元代号。构造单元名称:U1-武陵隆起;U2-雪峰隆起;U3-幕阜山隆起;4-澧县凹陷;U5-临澧凹陷;U6-太阳山隆起;U7-安乡凹陷;U8-赤山隆起;U9-沅江凹陷;U10-华容隆起;U11-江汉盆地。方框示图 2范围Figure 1. Tectonic framework map of Quaternary Dongting Basin1.2 区域第四纪地层划分
第四纪洞庭盆地及周缘不同地区或不同构造单元地壳沉降或抬升的历史与幅度不同,导致第四纪地层厚度、层序、出露情况等存在显著的横向变化。为此,首先就区域第四纪地层划分情况作简单说明,以便解读文中有关第四纪地层的环境与构造意义。
第四纪期间洞庭盆地各次级凹陷的构造活动总体为沉降,而周缘隆起区总体为抬升,这一构造活动差异使凹陷内部和周缘抬升区的第四纪沉积作用及地层发育状况具显著差异。据此,以前人资料②③④为基础,结合本次调查成果,分别建立了凹陷区(或覆盖区)和抬升区(或露头区)第四纪地层系统①。露头区第四纪地层主要分布于洞庭盆地周缘丘岗、山地,多有天然或人工第四系露头剖面,并常见前第四纪基岩或基座出露;地层厚度一般不大,各时代沉积常组成基座或镶嵌阶地;成因类型以冲积为主,次为残坡积,局部山麓或沟谷发育洪积。覆盖区第四纪地层主要分布于现代湖冲积平原及部分盆缘低缓丘岗区,一般无露头剖面和基岩出露;不同时代地层自下而上叠置,地层厚度较大。露头区与覆盖区第四纪地层的划分对比情况如表 1所示,其中露头区的白水江组、马王堆组、白沙井组、新开铺组和汨罗组区域上分别对应于一、二、三、四和五级阶地(实际上常发育不全)。顺便指出,表 1中地层单位仅涉及分布广泛,沉积厚度相对较大,时代意义明确且能较好反映构造、环境和气候演化的冲、湖积物,未包括残坡积等其它类型(分布于露头区)。
表 1 洞庭盆地及周缘第四纪地层划分对比表Table 1. Subdivision and correlation of the Quaternary strata in Dongting basin and its adjacent areas② 周国棋,刘月朗.洞庭湖及外围地区的第四纪地层与新构造运动,1978.
③ 陈发禅.洞庭湖第四纪地质,1981.
④ 张国梁,等.湖南省洞庭盆地第四纪地质研究报告,1990.
2. 地质地貌概况
研究区地处沅江凹陷东缘北部,构造上自西向东跨沅江凹陷和幕阜山隆起(图 1,图 2)。
图 2 鹿角地区综合地质地貌图1.前第四纪基岩;2.控盆控凹正断裂,齿向示下降盘;3.地质体界线;4.第四纪构造单元分界;5.第四纪沉积等厚线及厚度值;6.河流;7.湖泊水面;8.高程点与高程值/山峰与高程;9.山脊线;10.第四纪地质剖面位置,A-B对应图 3,C-D对应图 5。Qhal-全新世冲积;Qhlal-全新世湖冲积;Qp3bs-晚更新世白水江组;Qp2mw-中更新世马王堆组;Qp2b-中更新世白沙井组;Qp2d-中更新世洞庭湖组;Qp1m-早更新世汨罗组;F1-洪湖一湘阴断裂;F2-荣家湾断裂Figure 2. Geological-geomorphologic sketch map of Lujiao area西部为东洞庭湖水域及全新世冲湖积平原。东部中带为新墙河冲积平原。新墙河冲积平原以北为前第四纪基岩(冷家溪群和南华系一寒武系)出露的丘陵区,海拔高程一般80 ~ 350m,总体自东向西倾斜。山岭主要呈NNW~NW走向,与构造线基本一致。区内发育放射状水系,向西直接入洞庭湖,向南入新墙河(图 2)。新墙河冲积平原以南主要分布早更新世汨罗组以及中更新世洞庭湖组和白沙井组,具丘岗地貌,海拔高程一般50 ~ 90m,总体自东向西缓倾。主要水系呈NWW向,次级水系呈羽状发育。
自西向东发育2条第四纪断裂,即NNE向洪湖一湘阴断裂和近SN向的荣家湾断裂(图 2),其控制了沅江凹陷东缘的断陷活动。
3. 鹿角地区第四纪构造一沉积特征
3.1 控凹正断裂与构造--沉积分带
第四纪洪湖一湘阴断裂和荣家湾断裂的发育与展布主要表现在第四纪沉积物厚度和底板高程的横向变化。根据钻孔资料编绘的第四系等厚线显示,断裂两侧沉积厚度存在突变,且西侧大于东侧(图 2),第四系底板在断裂两侧相应出现显著落差。其中NNE向洪湖一湘阴断裂为一条延长规模很大的区域性第四纪断裂,控制了江汉一洞庭盆地的南东边界[10~11, 13~14]。前人工作未注意到SN向荣家湾断裂的发育,但研究区内该断裂两侧沉积厚度的突变甚至比洪湖一湘阴断裂更为明显,尤其以断裂北段突出。在岳阳县城以北,断裂西侧沉积厚100m以上,但东侧即为前第四纪基岩组成的丘陵山地(图 2)。
以洪湖一湘阴断裂和荣家湾断裂为界,研究区可分为3个第四纪沉积厚度与地层层序存在差异的构造一沉积分带(图 3),以下分别称之为西带(洪湖一湘阴断裂以西)、中带(洪湖一湘阴断裂与荣家湾断裂之间)和东带(荣家湾断裂以东)。具体沉积特征见后述。
图 3 阳罗一黄沙街第四纪地质剖面(剖面位置见图 2中A—B剖面线)1.粘土;2.淤泥;3.网纹红土;4.砂层;5.含砾砂层;6.砂砾层;7.砾石层;8.基座;9.地层单位界线/相变界线;10.钻孔位置及编号。Qhal全新世冲积;Qhlal-全新世湖冲积;Qp3bs-晚更新世白水江组;Qp2mw-中更新世马王堆组;Qp2b-中更新世白沙井组;Qp2d-中更新世洞庭湖组;Qp1m-早更新世汨罗组;F1-洪湖一湘阴断裂;F2-荣家湾断裂Figure 3. Yangluo-Huangshajie Quaternary geological section (location is shown with A-B line in fig.2)3.2 西带第四纪沉积特征
在洪湖一湘阴断裂以西,第四纪沉积层序较全,厚度较大。一般自下而上发育早更新世华田组、汨罗组,中更新世洞庭湖组,晚更新世坡头组和全新世冲湖积层。第四系厚度一般120~230m,且总体自北而南厚度变大。值得指出的是,在北部君山公园有元古宙基岩出露地表,而公园周边则发育厚达130g以上的第四系(图 2),显示君山为一新近纪的风化剥蚀残留古山丘。
该带第四纪沉积岩性特征存在较大横向变化,其中地层层序与岩性组成以沅江县小波镇ZK166孔(图 2中A点西侧)较具代表性。该孔第四系总厚达233.5g,从早至晚地层与岩性组成如下:华田组厚84.0g,自下而上依次为灰白色砂砾石层夹薄层粘土(厚20.1g)、浅黄色粘土层(厚19.4m)、灰白色砂砾层(厚31.0m)、浅黄色粘土层(厚13.0m)。汨罗组厚63.6m,自下而上依次为灰白色砂砾层(厚4.9m)、黄绿一浅灰绿色粘土层(厚7.4m)、灰白色含砾砂层(厚11.1m)、黄绿一浅灰绿色粘土层(厚11.6m)、灰白色砂砾层(厚13.1m)、黄绿一浅灰色粘土层(厚15.5m)。汨罗组总体结构致密,多呈半成岩状,以此特征区别于下伏华田组和上覆洞庭湖组。洞庭湖组厚62.5m,自下而上依次为灰白色砂砾层(厚13.3mm)、黄绿色一浅灰色粘土层(厚19.5m)、灰白色砂砾层(厚29.7m)。坡头组为蓝灰色淤泥层,厚20.5m。全新统为褐黄色粘土,厚3.0m。
从上述岩性特征来看,早更新世华田组和汨罗组由主要为河流相与湖泊相沉积组成,总体反映出过流性湖泊环境,河流相以砾石层、砂层为主,湖相以杂色粘土为主。中更新世洞庭湖组主体为河流相砂、砾沉积,中部发育湖相粘土。晚更新世坡头组及全新统为湖相或漫滩相细粒沉积。
3.3 中带第四纪沉积特征
洪湖一湘阴断裂与荣家湾断裂之间的中带自下而上主要发育汨罗组和洞庭湖组,相对西带第四系厚度较小,缺失早更新世早期华田组(图 3),晚更新世一全新世沉积也少有发育。其岩性组成横向上存在一定变化,以岳阳县大明乡ZK235孔层序较全并具代表性。该孔第四系总厚132.84m,由汨罗组和洞庭湖组组成。汨罗组厚102.84m自下而上依次为灰绿色夹褐黄色粘土(厚25.83m)、灰黄色砂砾层(厚2.0m)、灰绿夹黄褐色粘土(厚37.91m)、浅蓝色夹黄绿色粗砂(厚9.64m)、浅蓝色含砾粘土(厚1.8m)、灰白色夹褐黄色含砾粗砂层(厚25.66m)。洞庭湖组厚30.0m,自下而上依次为灰黄色砂砾层(厚2.68m)、砂层(厚18.92m)、网纹红土(厚8.4m)。
该带洞庭湖组顶部普遍上覆一套粘土层,近地表均因湿热化而成网纹红土。如荣家湾一带见人工开挖剖面(Q42观察点),网纹红土厚14m以上(图 4),自下而上可分为3层:第1层为暗紫红色网纹红土,厚>2m,未见底;网纹为白色,部分浅黄色,蠕虫状,以水平为主。第2层为紫红色网纹红土,厚约8m网纹呈蠕虫状,白一浅黄色,大多呈竖直状或近竖直状。第3层为暗紫红色网纹红土,厚约4m网纹形态紊乱。上述1层、2层、3层之间呈过渡关系,无截然界线。1、2、3层的水平网纹、竖直网纹及紊乱网纹可能分别与地下水的水平运动、垂直下渗及地表水的运动有关[18]。近年来的年代地层学研究在网纹红土的形成时代上认识已渐趋统一[19~22],可以确定中国南方最新一期的网纹红土形成于中更新世中期[23]。因此,大致确定洞庭湖组顶部的粘土层沉积时代为中更新世中期。本次在荣家湾网纹红土剖面中获156 ~ 148Ka的光释光(OSL)年龄(国土资源部青岛海洋地质实验检测中心分层岩性详见正文说明,osl光释光测年测试)(图 4),对应于中更新世晚期,可能受取样等因素影响而年龄值偏小。
值得指出的是,中带汨罗组厚度较西带厚(图 3),可能与近荣家湾断裂地带的强断陷有关。
3.4 东带第四纪沉积及分布特征
在荣家湾断裂以东至前第四纪基岩出露区之间地带(东带)地表主要出露汨罗组和洞庭湖组,北部新墙河两侧发育马王堆组、白沙井组及全新世冲积层(图 2)。汨罗组和洞庭湖组为该带第四纪主体堆积,其厚度显著小于中带沉积(图 3)主要由砂层、砂砾石层组成,洞庭湖组顶部发育粘土(网纹红土)。
受构造活动影响,该带第四纪沉积分布及相关地貌特征较复杂,以下结合晏家山一黄秀林场第四纪地质综合剖面(图 5)给予阐述。
新墙河两邻侧为全新世河流冲积层,地貌上组成0级阶地(T0),地表高程约28m左右。表层为洪泛沉积的粉砂质粘土,往下为砂砾石层。新墙河全新世河流冲积层北面主要为前第四纪基岩组成的山丘(上发育厚度不大的残坡积浮土),局部见冲积砾石层发育。周家冲Q38观察点见一级基座阶地(T1)发育,阶地顶面高程约38m(可能受到后期剥蚀),基座面高程约34m,分别高出0级阶地10m、6m。一级阶地北面山丘均为前第四纪基岩,未见更高级阶地堆积。一级阶地堆积物厚约4m,为灰黄一红黄色砾石层;砾石含量90%以上;砾石成分主要为石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩等,可能来源于北面山地的南华纪富禄组;磨圆差,棱角一次棱角状;砾石略具定向,优势产状约为10°∠20°左右,反映自北而南的水流方向。据其特征,应为新墙河北面一级支流的河口冲洪积物。据阶地高程及堆积物特征,可大致确定其为晚更新世白水江组。
新墙河全新世河流冲积层南面与二级阶地(T2)相接,于傅家垸、蔡家岭、邓家加油站等地均见堆积物露头剖面。其中以傅家垸Q44点露头最为清晰完整,人工开挖良好露头剖面清楚揭示出基座阶地之特征(图 6)。基座顶面高程约51m,基座面高程约45m。基座出露高约14m,由白垩纪一古近纪紫红色砾岩所组成。基座上覆第四纪砾石层和砂层,总厚约6.2m,自下而上可分为3层:1层为紫红色砾石层,厚约1.7m。砾石含量约90H,余为砂质基质。砾石成分主要为脉石英和硅质岩,约占70%;次为砂岩,少量板岩。砾径1~10cm为主,个别达20cm; 磨圆较差,次棱角状为主。砾石略具定向,优势产状为70°~90°∠25°左右,反映出自东向西的水流方向。2层为紫红色含砾粗砂层一砂质细砾石层,厚约1.7m。砂粒碎屑成分复杂,主要有石英和长石。所含较大砾石之砾径多为0.5 ~5cm。3层为黄红色砂层,厚约2.8m。总体自下而上变细,即由粗砂→中砂→细砂和粉砂。从沉积物特征来看,显然为新墙河之冲积。据阶地高程及沉积物特征,确定为中更新世马王堆组。
自二级阶地堆积往南,基本为中更新世洞庭湖组覆盖(图 2), 地表多为网纹红土和残坡积浮土所掩。地貌上组成低缓丘岗区,小山丘及其间的沟谷极为发育,丘顶高程一般60 ~ 70m, 部分达90m;总体西面低,东面高。再往南至黄沙林场一带始见早更新世汨罗组发育。从地质路线调查情况来看,地表汨罗组主要为河流相砾石层、砂层,局部见漫滩或湖相(粉砂质)粘土沉积。
剖面线上Q48点于水渠边见汨罗组和洞庭湖组良好剖面露头(图 7)。汨罗组下部(第1层)为黄红色一红色细砂砾层,厚2m以上,未见底。上部(第2层)为红褐色含砾粗砂,厚2m左右,具网纹化。洞庭湖组位于汨罗组含砾粗砂层之上,自下而上分为2层:下部(第3层)为灰黄一黄红色砾石层,厚0.5 ~ 1.2m。露头剖面上该层与汨罗组(第2层)界线自东往西变低,反映前者与后者之间的侵蚀切割关系(图 7)。上部(第4层)为红色网纹红土,厚4m以上。其与第3层间分界总体截然,局部由于近界面红土中含砾石而呈渐变关系。网纹红土层内部夹有砾石透镜体。下部网纹总体近水平状,往上变为近垂直状或杂乱状。
上述洞庭湖组与汨罗组之间的接触关系(图 7)反映出汨罗组沉积之后发生过一次构造抬升与侵蚀。
值得指出的是,晏家山一黄秀林场剖面上洞庭湖组与汨罗组之间的界面自南向北倾斜(图 4),反映出中更新世晚期构造反转抬升的同时存在掀斜或拱坳变形。
4. 构造一沉积演
以上对沅江凹陷东缘鹿角地区第四纪断裂、地层展布及地貌特征等进行了较详细解剖,据此分析总结该地区第四纪构造一沉积演化过程如下:
早更新世早期,西侧的NNE向洪湖一湘阴正断裂活动,断裂西盘断陷沉降,在过流性湖泊环境下沉积了华田组砂砾层(河流相)及粘土(湖相)等。断裂东盘抬升并遭受剥蚀。
早更新世晚期,东侧的荣家湾断裂活动,该断裂以西地区强烈断陷沉降,形成汨罗组河流相砂砾层、砂层及湖相粘土层。在荣家湾断裂以东、新墙河以北地区构造抬升,继续遭受风化剥蚀。在新墙河以南的黄秀林场一黄沙街地区亦存在构造沉降,只是沉降幅度相对荣家湾断裂以西而言较小,形成厚度较薄的以河流相为主的汨罗组沉积。黄秀林场一黄沙街沉降沉积区以东则相对抬升而遭受风化剥蚀。
早更新世末期,荣家湾断裂以东的黄秀林场一黄沙街地区(先期沉积区)产生构造反转抬升,露出水面并遭受侵蚀。同期荣家湾断裂以西地区可能未明显抬升。
中更新世早期和中期,黄秀林场一黄沙街地区与西侧的沅江凹陷主体一起构造沉降,形成洞庭湖组下部砂砾层与上部粘土。洪湖一湘阴断裂在此期间有过明显的活动,断裂西盘洞庭湖组因相对断陷沉降而具有更大的厚度。值得指出的是,中更新世中期晚阶段存在区域性盆地扩张和湖平面上升,得以形成区域性的洞庭湖组顶部粘土层。
中更新世晚期研究区构造反转抬升,先期沉积接受风化剥蚀,洞庭湖组顶部的表层粘土因湿热化而形成网纹红土。大约以洪湖一湘阴断裂为界,西部地区因大型河流(可能为古湘江)的侧向侵蚀而缺失洞庭湖组顶部粘土层。与此同时,中东部新墙河初步成型。在此抬升期间曾有过相对稳定的间歇期,于新墙河古河道形成具二元结构的中更新世晚期马王堆组冲积层。马王堆组因构造抬升遭受切割而形成基座阶地(二级阶地)。
晚更新世开始地壳重趋稳定。西部主凹陷区可能略有沉降,并形成坡头组泥质沉积。东部新墙河及其支流形成白水江组冲积层,之后地壳再次抬升,河流切割形成由白水江组构成的一级基座阶地。
值得指出的是,在上述中更新世晚期开始的构造抬升的同时,黄秀林场一黄沙街地区产生了自东向西、自南向北的构造掀斜,致使洞庭湖组与汨罗组之间的界面产生倾斜(图 3, 图 5)。
全新世构造总体稳定,西部洞庭湖区形成湖冲积;东部主要经受剥蚀,新墙河及其它规模更小的河流形成冲积层。
5. 问题讨论
5.1 关于第四纪构造升降
笔者近年来对洞庭盆地及周缘地区第四纪构造活动与沉积作用的研究表明,洞庭盆地断陷沉降区在早更新世一中更新世中期一般为连续沉降,中更新世晚期盆地及周缘地区有过整体抬升,如澧县凹陷、安乡凹陷及沅江凹陷大部地区均是如此①。在这一构造活动的整体框架下,局部地区在早更新世末期尚产生过构造反转抬升。如本文研究表明沅江凹陷东缘的黄秀林场一黄沙街地区在早更新世末期有过明显的构造抬升,造成中更新世洞庭湖组与早更新世汨罗组之间的侵蚀接触。此外,华容隆起南部及南东边缘的广兴洲地区在早更新世末期也有过构造抬升,造成全新世冲湖积层直接与汨罗组接触①。以上反映出洞庭盆地第四纪构造升降活动存在较复杂的横向差异。
① 湖南省地质调查院,1:25万常德市幅区域地质调查报告,1:25万岳阳市幅区域地质调查报告,2009.
5.2 对第四纪洞庭盆地构造性质的约束
区域上,第四纪洞庭盆地构造性质经历了早期断陷到晚期坳陷的演变①。第四纪早期即早更新世一中更新世中期洞庭盆地具有断陷性质,主要表现在以下两方面:一是盆地及内部次级凹陷明显受边界断裂控制,早更新世一中更新世中期的地层厚度受控于断裂;二是控盆控凹断裂有EW向、SN向、NNE向、NW向等多组方向,暗示存在深部地幔上隆等导致的多向伸展构造背景。第四纪晚期即中更新世晚期一全新世洞庭盆地具坳陷性质,主要体现在以下几方面:一是先期控盆控凹正断裂不再控制晚更新世一全新世沉积厚度;二是中更新晚期洞庭盆地整体构造反转抬升;三是在常德黄土山、澧县凹陷北部等地发育褶皱和构造掀斜等很可能与挤压作用有关的构造变形。
显然,本文所述沅江凹陷东缘的构造一沉积演化过程,与区域洞庭盆地构造性质的演变相吻合,即对洞庭盆地第四纪构造性质演化提供了约束,具体如:①总体上,洪湖一湘阴断裂和荣家湾断裂在早更新世一中更新世中期具正向活动,导致断裂西盘相对断陷沉降。②中更新世晚期产生整体抬升,晚更新世一全新世期间西部主凹陷地带构造稳定或略有沉降,而东部盆缘地区(黄秀林场一黄沙街地区)则抬升;黄秀林场一黄沙街地区第四纪晚期构造抬升的同时具自西向东即自盆缘向盆内的构造掀斜。
6. 结论
第四纪沅江凹陷东缘鹿角地区具有较为复杂的构造活动和沉积作用。早更新世早期洪湖一湘阴断裂和荣家湾断裂相继活动,断裂以西地区断陷沉降并沉积,以东地区则构造抬升而遭受风化剥蚀。早更新世末期凹陷区东部构造反转抬升并遭受侵蚀。中更新世早期和中期凹陷区断陷沉降并接受沉积。中更新世晚期研究区整体抬升而遭受剥蚀。晚更新世西部主凹陷区在稳定或弱沉降并形成泥质沉积,东部间歇性抬升。在上述中更新世晚期开始的构造抬升的同时,研究区东部产生了自东向西、自南向北的构造掀斜。全新世构造总体稳定,西部洞庭湖区形成湖冲积。区域上,第四纪洞庭盆地构造性质经历了早期断陷到晚期坳陷的转变。
-
图 1 柴达木盆地北缘大地构造简图(据Zhang et al.,2017a修改)
Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin (modified after Zhang et al., 2017a)
图 3 旺尕秀南火山岩及侵入岩野外及镜下照片
Pl—斜长石;Qtz—石英;Kfs—钾长石a—野外宏观接触关系;b—火山岩显微镜下特征;c—花岗岩显微镜下特征
Figure 3. Field and microscopic photos of volcanic rocks and intrusive rocks in southern Wanggaxiunan
(a) Field macroscopic contact relationships of volcanic rocks and granites; (b) Microscopic characteristics of volcanic rocks; (c) Microscopic characteristics of granites Pl–plagioclase; Qtz–quartz; Kfs–K-feldspar
图 4 火山岩和花岗岩的锆石阴极发光图(CL)
黄色圈为锆石U–Pb测点,红色圈为锆石Hf测点a—火山岩NQC021-1锆石CL图像;b—花岗岩NQC022-1锆石CL图像
Figure 4. Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images of volcanic rocks and granites
(a) Zircon CL image of volcanic rock sample NQC021-1; (b) Zircon CL image of granite sample NQC022-1 The yellow circles represent zircon U–Pb sites, and the red circles represent zircon Hf sites.
图 6 锆石Hf同位素结果
a—NQC021-1熔结凝灰岩锆石εHf(t)频度图;b—NQC021-1熔结凝灰岩锆石Hf两阶段模式年龄;c—NQC022-1二长花岗岩锆石εHf(t)频度图;d—NQC022-1二长花岗岩锆石Hf两阶段模式年龄
Figure 6. Zircon Hf isotopic composition of the samples
(a) εHf(t) frequency distribution plot of zircons from the NQC021-1 welded tuff sample; (b) Two-stage Hf model ages of zircons from the NQC021-1 welded tuff sample; (c) εHf(t) frequency distribution plot of zircons from the NQC022-1 granodiorite sample; (d) Two-stage Hf model ages of zircons from the NQC022-1 granodiorite sample
表 1 样品锆石U–Pb年代学学分析结果
Table 1. U–Pb chronological analysis results of zircon samples
样品点 Th/×10-6 U/×10-6 Th/U 同位素比值 年龄/Ma 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 样品 NQC021-1 NQC021-1.1 117 104 1.12 0.0555 0.0039 0.5105 0.0355 0.0667 0.0018 434 149 419 24 416 11 NQC021-1.2 71 82 0.86 0.0560 0.0044 0.5251 0.0403 0.0680 0.0019 452 164 429 27 424 11 NQC021-1.3 136 166 0.82 0.0555 0.0031 0.5121 0.0289 0.0670 0.0017 431 122 420 19 418 10 NQC021-1.4 119 147 0.81 0.0561 0.0029 0.5528 0.0280 0.0715 0.0017 455 109 447 18 445 10 NQC021-1.5 66 77 0.85 0.0557 0.0046 0.4997 0.0406 0.0651 0.0018 439 174 412 27 407 11 NQC021-1.6 117 124 0.94 0.0561 0.0030 0.5282 0.0283 0.0682 0.0017 458 116 431 19 425 10 NQC021-1.7 111 145 0.77 0.0551 0.0041 0.4972 0.0367 0.0654 0.0018 416 159 410 25 409 11 NQC021-1.8 158 158 1.00 0.0562 0.0023 0.5374 0.0220 0.0694 0.0016 459 88 437 15 432 10 NQC021-1.9 208 146 1.42 0.0557 0.0034 0.5094 0.0313 0.0664 0.0017 439 132 418 21 414 10 NQC021-1.10 150 140 1.07 0.0557 0.0028 0.5173 0.0261 0.0674 0.0016 440 109 423 17 420 10 NQC021-1.11 70 89 0.78 0.0573 0.0048 0.5887 0.0489 0.0745 0.0022 502 176 470 31 464 13 NQC021-1.12 86 117 0.74 0.0561 0.0028 0.5288 0.0266 0.0684 0.0017 455 108 431 18 427 10 NQC021-1.13 107 133 0.80 0.0556 0.0031 0.4969 0.0273 0.0649 0.0016 435 119 410 19 405 10 NQC021-1.14 90 110 0.81 0.0559 0.0037 0.5564 0.0369 0.0722 0.0019 448 143 449 24 449 11 NQC021-1.15 204 232 0.88 0.0563 0.0026 0.5373 0.0249 0.0692 0.0017 464 100 437 16 431 10 NQC021-1.16 672 279 2.40 0.0556 0.0019 0.5329 0.0182 0.0696 0.0016 434 72 434 12 434 10 NQC021-1.17 109 140 0.78 0.0556 0.0026 0.5408 0.0256 0.0705 0.0017 437 101 439 17 439 10 NQC021-1.18 92 130 0.71 0.0560 0.0028 0.5413 0.0268 0.0701 0.0017 453 106 439 18 437 10 NQC021-1.19 117 112 1.05 0.0556 0.0025 0.5315 0.0240 0.0693 0.0017 437 97 433 16 432 10 NQC021-1.20 69 77 0.90 0.0548 0.0041 0.4891 0.0360 0.0647 0.0018 405 158 404 25 404 11 NQC021-1.21 50 95 0.53 0.0550 0.0033 0.5038 0.0304 0.0665 0.0017 411 129 414 21 415 10 NQC021-1.22 162 184 0.88 0.0555 0.0020 0.5297 0.0190 0.0692 0.0016 432 76 432 13 431 10 NQC021-1.23 107 119 0.90 0.0562 0.0031 0.5364 0.0291 0.0692 0.0017 459 117 436 19 432 10 NQC021-1.24 134 176 0.76 0.0559 0.0020 0.5214 0.0192 0.0677 0.0016 448 78 426 13 422 9 NQC021-1.25 89 122 0.73 0.0560 0.0025 0.5212 0.0237 0.0675 0.0016 454 98 426 16 421 10 NQC021-1.26 82 115 0.72 0.0555 0.0024 0.5212 0.0225 0.0682 0.0016 431 93 426 15 425 10 NQC021-1.27 81 113 0.71 0.0558 0.0034 0.5110 0.0310 0.0664 0.0017 444 130 419 21 415 10 NQC021-1.28 155 132 1.18 0.0656 0.0029 0.5989 0.0265 0.0663 0.0016 792 90 477 17 414 10 NQC021-1.29 89 93 0.96 0.0553 0.0023 0.5032 0.0210 0.0660 0.0016 423 89 414 14 412 9 NQC021-1.30 96 126 0.76 0.0551 0.0021 0.5033 0.0196 0.0663 0.0016 417 83 414 13 414 9 样品 NQC022-1 NQC022-1.1 600 824 0.73 0.0551 0.0012 0.4523 0.0056 0.0595 0.0007 416 45 379 4 373 4 NQC022-1.2 600 548 1.09 0.0554 0.0012 0.4717 0.0063 0.0617 0.0007 430 47 392 4 386 4 NQC022-1.3 683 971 0.70 0.0539 0.0011 0.4404 0.0054 0.0592 0.0007 368 46 371 4 371 4 NQC022-1.4 420 622 0.67 0.0549 0.0012 0.4659 0.0062 0.0616 0.0007 407 47 388 4 385 4 NQC022-1.5 538 751 0.72 0.0552 0.0012 0.4565 0.0058 0.0600 0.0007 418 46 382 4 376 4 NQC022-1.6 372 579 0.64 0.0554 0.0012 0.4810 0.0060 0.0630 0.0007 427 46 399 4 394 4 NQC022-1.7 329 550 0.60 0.0540 0.0012 0.4667 0.0060 0.0627 0.0007 370 47 389 4 392 4 NQC022-1.8 744 927 0.80 0.0548 0.0011 0.4459 0.0054 0.0590 0.0007 406 46 374 4 369 4 NQC022-1.9 709 986 0.72 0.0547 0.0011 0.4482 0.0055 0.0595 0.0007 398 46 376 4 372 4 NQC022-1.10 790 805 0.98 0.0549 0.0013 0.4010 0.0061 0.0530 0.0006 408 50 342 4 333 4 NQC022-1.11 286 442 0.65 0.0591 0.0013 0.4821 0.0070 0.0592 0.0007 570 48 400 5 371 4 NQC022-1.12 883 1035 0.85 0.0547 0.0011 0.4506 0.0055 0.0598 0.0007 398 46 378 4 374 4 NQC022-1.13 863 983 0.88 0.0543 0.0011 0.4473 0.0054 0.0597 0.0007 383 46 375 4 374 4 NQC022-1.14 1039 1051 0.99 0.0556 0.0012 0.4262 0.0055 0.0556 0.0006 436 46 361 4 349 4 NQC022-1.15 1071 1221 0.88 0.0542 0.0011 0.4487 0.0054 0.0601 0.0007 378 46 376 4 376 4 NQC022-1.16 943 1015 0.93 0.0546 0.0011 0.4369 0.0053 0.0580 0.0007 396 46 368 4 364 4 NQC022-1.17 753 1015 0.74 0.0540 0.0011 0.4308 0.0052 0.0579 0.0007 370 46 364 4 363 4 NQC022-1.18 618 736 0.84 0.0542 0.0012 0.4381 0.0057 0.0586 0.0007 378 47 369 4 367 4 NQC022-1.19 710 894 0.79 0.0557 0.0012 0.4522 0.0055 0.0589 0.0007 439 45 379 4 369 4 NQC022-1.20 715 993 0.72 0.0556 0.0012 0.4438 0.0059 0.0579 0.0007 437 47 373 4 363 4 NQC022-1.21 755 992 0.76 0.0561 0.0012 0.4558 0.0055 0.0589 0.0007 455 45 381 4 369 4 NQC022-1.22 649 737 0.88 0.0548 0.0012 0.4449 0.0060 0.0589 0.0007 403 47 374 4 369 4 NQC022-1.23 171 150 1.14 0.0589 0.0016 0.4825 0.0097 0.0594 0.0007 562 56 400 7 372 4 NQC022-1.24 893 870 1.03 0.0540 0.0011 0.4378 0.0054 0.0588 0.0007 373 46 369 4 368 4 表 2 样品锆石Lu–Hf同位素分析结果
Table 2. Lu–Hf isotopic analysis results of zircon samples
样品 176Yb/177Hf(corr) 2σ 176Lu/177Hf(corr) 2σ 176Hf/177Hf(corr) 2σ 年龄/Ma (176Hf/177Hf)i εHf(t) TDM/Ma TCDM/Ma fs 样品 NQC021-1 NQC021-1-01 0.034248 0.000594 0.001129 0.000019 0.282194 0.000009 423 0.282185 −11.5 1497 2133 −0.97 NQC021-1-02 0.033994 0.000152 0.001091 0.000004 0.282277 0.000010 423 0.282268 −8.5 1379 1947 −0.97 NQC021-1-03 0.047536 0.000710 0.001466 0.000019 0.282236 0.000010 423 0.282224 −10.1 1451 2045 −0.96 NQC021-1-04 0.027696 0.000124 0.000907 0.000002 0.282247 0.000012 423 0.282240 −9.5 1414 2011 −0.97 NQC021-1-05 0.035441 0.000076 0.001206 0.000005 0.282207 0.000010 423 0.282198 −11.0 1481 2104 −0.96 NQC021-1-06 0.044461 0.000392 0.001440 0.000012 0.282260 0.000010 423 0.282249 −9.2 1415 1991 −0.96 NQC021-1-07 0.029350 0.000523 0.000956 0.000015 0.282277 0.000009 423 0.282270 −8.5 1374 1945 −0.97 NQC021-1-08 0.035990 0.000026 0.001163 0.000002 0.282267 0.000011 423 0.282258 −8.9 1396 1971 −0.96 NQC021-1-09 0.041318 0.000346 0.001328 0.000009 0.282243 0.000010 423 0.282232 −9.8 1436 2028 −0.96 NQC021-1-10 0.050256 0.000847 0.001622 0.000028 0.282247 0.000010 423 0.282234 −9.7 1441 2023 −0.95 NQC021-1-11 0.031623 0.000296 0.001050 0.000008 0.282267 0.000010 423 0.282258 −8.9 1392 1970 −0.97 NQC021-1-12 0.027814 0.000151 0.000923 0.000004 0.282255 0.000010 423 0.282248 −9.2 1403 1993 −0.97 NQC021-1-13 0.041611 0.000395 0.001372 0.000011 0.282266 0.000011 423 0.282255 −9.0 1404 1976 −0.96 NQC021-1-14 0.038453 0.000236 0.001275 0.000009 0.282276 0.000011 423 0.282266 −8.6 1388 1953 −0.96 NQC021-1-15 0.039464 0.000177 0.001343 0.000009 0.282255 0.000011 423 0.282244 −9.4 1420 2001 −0.96 NQC021-1-16 0.062720 0.001202 0.002001 0.000039 0.282275 0.000010 423 0.282259 −8.8 1415 1967 −0.94 NQC021-1-17 0.031225 0.000069 0.001036 0.000005 0.282248 0.000009 423 0.282240 −9.5 1417 2010 −0.97 NQC021-1-18 0.029106 0.000137 0.000965 0.000003 0.282243 0.000009 423 0.282235 −9.7 1422 2022 −0.97 NQC021-1-19 0.031030 0.000302 0.001068 0.000011 0.282283 0.000009 423 0.282275 −8.3 1369 1933 −0.97 NQC021-1-20 0.036392 0.000577 0.001196 0.000016 0.282233 0.000009 423 0.282223 −10.1 1445 2047 −0.96 NQC021-1-21 0.041738 0.000511 0.001393 0.000015 0.282247 0.000009 423 0.282236 −9.6 1432 2018 −0.96 NQC021-1-22 0.038010 0.000197 0.001233 0.000004 0.282226 0.000010 423 0.282216 −10.3 1455 2063 −0.96 NQC021-1-23 0.029763 0.000130 0.000993 0.000006 0.282260 0.000009 423 0.282252 −9.1 1399 1984 −0.97 NQC021-1-24 0.038654 0.000512 0.001306 0.000012 0.282232 0.000009 423 0.282222 −10.2 1450 2051 −0.96 样品 NQC022-1 NQC022-1-01 0.103309 0.000606 0.003111 0.000014 0.282782 0.000013 370 0.28276 7.7 706 877 −0.91 NQC022-1-02 0.083531 0.000728 0.002551 0.000020 0.282785 0.000013 370 0.28277 8.0 691 861 −0.92 NQC022-1-03 0.115297 0.000260 0.003376 0.000008 0.282756 0.000013 370 0.28273 6.8 750 938 −0.90 NQC022-1-04 0.077607 0.000398 0.002522 0.000009 0.282722 0.000018 370 0.28270 5.7 783 1003 −0.92 NQC022-1-05 0.090154 0.000649 0.002648 0.000010 0.282749 0.000012 370 0.28273 6.7 746 945 −0.92 NQC022-1-06 0.073166 0.000918 0.002312 0.000042 0.282717 0.000016 370 0.28270 5.6 786 1012 −0.93 NQC022-1-07 0.054888 0.000462 0.001788 0.000012 0.282720 0.000013 370 0.28271 5.9 770 996 −0.95 NQC022-1-08 0.129764 0.000560 0.003796 0.000018 0.282767 0.000012 370 0.28274 7.1 742 920 −0.89 NQC022-1-09 0.116006 0.001672 0.003686 0.000060 0.282747 0.000018 370 0.28272 6.3 771 965 −0.89 NQC022-1-10 0.098911 0.000872 0.002868 0.000021 0.282767 0.000012 370 0.28275 7.3 723 906 −0.91 NQC022-1-11 0.090238 0.000438 0.002785 0.000015 0.282766 0.000016 370 0.28275 7.2 723 907 −0.92 NQC022-1-12 0.119983 0.000770 0.003562 0.000028 0.282790 0.000015 370 0.28277 7.9 702 864 −0.89 NQC022-1-13 0.113965 0.000512 0.003316 0.000006 0.282766 0.000013 370 0.28274 7.1 733 915 −0.90 NQC022-1-14 0.084701 0.001645 0.002555 0.000032 0.282731 0.000011 370 0.28271 6.1 770 983 −0.92 NQC022-1-15 0.108632 0.000480 0.003333 0.000021 0.282676 0.000021 370 0.28265 3.9 869 1118 −0.90 NQC022-1-16 0.104501 0.000712 0.003021 0.000029 0.282741 0.000012 370 0.28272 6.3 765 968 −0.91 NQC022-1-17 0.107449 0.001432 0.003214 0.000024 0.282760 0.000014 370 0.28274 6.9 740 927 −0.90 NQC022-1-18 0.087261 0.000626 0.002681 0.000011 0.282729 0.000016 370 0.28271 6.0 775 989 −0.92 NQC022-1-19 0.073360 0.001430 0.002150 0.000023 0.282740 0.000013 370 0.28272 6.5 749 957 −0.94 NQC022-1-20 0.088215 0.000424 0.002697 0.000012 0.282725 0.000017 370 0.282706 5.8 782 999 −0.92 NQC022-1-21 0.122924 0.001106 0.003478 0.000041 0.282822 0.000018 370 0.282798 9.1 653 792 −0.90 NQC022-1-22 0.068908 0.000702 0.002339 0.000031 0.282685 0.000023 370 0.282669 4.5 832 1082 −0.93 NQC022-1-23 0.133672 0.001358 0.003873 0.000049 0.282771 0.000013 370 0.282745 7.2 737 912 −0.88 -
[1] Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Qinghai Province, 1991. Special geological report of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of the People's Republic of China, regional geology, No, 24, regional geology of Qinghai Province[M]. Beijing: Geology Press. (in Chinese) [2] Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Qinghai Province, 1997. Stratigraphy (lithostratic) of Qinghai province[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press. (in Chinese). [3] CHEN J J, FU L B, WEI J H, et al, 2020. Proto-Tethys magmatic evolution along northern Gondwana: insights from Late Silurian–Middle Devonian A-type magmatism, East Kunlun Orogen, Northern Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Lithos, 356-357: 105304. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105304 [4] CHEN N S, WANG Q Y, CHEN Q, et al, 2007. Components and metamorphism of the basements of the Qaidam and Oulongbuluke micro-continental blocks, and a tentative interpretation of paleocontinental evolution in NW-Central China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 14(1): 43-55. (in Chinese with English abstract [5] CHEN S J, LI R S, JI W H, et al, 2007. The deposition characteristics and tectono-paleogeographic environment of Kunlun Orogenic belt in late Devonian[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 31(1): 44-51. (in Chinese with English abstract [6] CHEN S Y, BI M W, SUN J P, et al, 2016. Mixed sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of Upper Paleozoic Group in Northern Qaidam Basin[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 35(2-3): 282-292. (in Chinese with English abstract [7] CHEN X H, YIN A, GEHRELS G, et al, 2011. Chemical geodynamics of granitic Magmatism in the basement of the eastern Qaidam Basin, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 85(2): 157-171. (in Chinese with English abstract [8] CHEN Y X, PEI X Z, LI R B, et al, 2011. Zircon U-Pb Age of Xiaomiao formation of proterozoic in the eastern section of the East Kunlun Orogenic belt[J]. Geoscience, 25(3): 510-521. (in Chinese with English abstract [9] FENG Q, QIN Y, FU S T, et al, 2015. U-Pb age of detrital zircons and its geological significance from Maoniushan Formation in the Wulan County, Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 33(3): 486-499. (in Chinese with English abstract [10] GAO W L, WANG Z X, LI L L, et al, 2019. Discovery of the permian granite in Saishiteng Mountain of the northern Qaidam Basin and its tectonic significance[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 93(4): 816-829. (in Chinese with English abstract [11] HAN J J, SONG C Z, HE J, et al, 2020. Zircon U-Pb age, geochemical and geological characteristics of the dioritic-granitic intrusive rocks in the Niubiziliang area, northern Qaidam Basin[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 44(1): 157-170. (in Chinese with English abstract [12] HAO G J, LU S N, WANG H C, et al, 2004. The Pre-Devonian tectonic framework in the northern margin of Qaidam basin and geological evolution of Olongbuluck palaeo-block[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(3): 115-122. (in Chinese with English abstract [13] HOU K J, LI Y H, ZOU T R, et al, 2007. Laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS technique for Hf isotope microanalysis of zircon and its geological applications[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(10): 2595-2604. (in Chinese with English abstract [14] HOU Q L, GUO Q Q, FANG A M, 2018. Discussions on some basic problems in the research of orogenic belts concerning on flysch and molasse[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 34(7): 1885-1896. (in Chinese with English abstract [15] HU Z C, ZHANG W, LIU Y S, et al, 2015. “wave” signal-smoothing and mercury-removing device for laser ablation quadrupole and multiple collector ICPMS analysis: application to lead isotope analysis[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 87(2): 1152-1157. doi: 10.1021/ac503749k [16] KOU G C, FENG J W, LUO B R, et al, 2017. Zircon U-Pb dating and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks from Mao-niushan Formation in Amunike area, Qinghai Province, and its geological implications[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 36(2-3): 275-284. (in Chinese with English abstract [17] LI F, WU Z L, LI B Z, et al, 2006. Revision of the Tanjianshan group on the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin[J]. Northwestern Geology, 39(3): 83-90. (in Chinese with English abstract [18] LI J B, WAN S C, LI Z H, 2017. Geological and geochemistry characteristics of volcanics in the late paleozoic maoniushan formation in amunike area of Northern Qaidam Basin[J]. Northwestern Geology, 50(3): 47-53. (in Chinese with English abstract [19] LI R B, PEI X Z, LI Z C, et al, 2012. Geological characteristics of Late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic unconformities and their response to some significant tectonic events in eastern part of Eastern Kunlun[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(5): 244-254. (in Chinese with English abstract [20] LI R S, JI W H, ZHAO Z M, et al, 2007. Progress in the study of the Early Paleozoic Kunlun orogenic belt[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 26(4): 373-382. (in Chinese with English abstract [21] LIU B, MA C Q, GUO P, et al, 2013. Discovery of the middle devonian A-type granite from the Eastern Kunlun Orogen and its tectonic implications[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 38(5): 947-962. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2013.093 [22] LIU Y, NEUBAUER F, LI W M, et al, 2012. Tectono-thermal events of the northern Qaidam Margin-southern Qilian Area, Western China[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 42(5): 1317-1329. (in Chinese with English abstract [23] LIU Y S, HU Z C, GAO S, et al, 2008. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard[J]. Chemical Geology, 257(1-2): 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004 [24] LU L, WU Z H, HU D G, et al, 2010. Zircon U-Pb age for rhyolite of the Maoniushan Formation and its tectonic significance in the East Kunlun Mountains[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(4): 1150-1158. (in Chinese with English abstract [25] LUDWIG K R, 2001. Users manual for Isoplot/Ex rev. 2.49. A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft excel[R]. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, 1-55. [26] MENG F C, ZHANG J X, YANG J S, 2005. Tectono - thermal event of post-HP/UHP metamorphism in the Xitieshan area of the North Qaidam Mountains, western China: isotopic and geochemical evidence of granite and gneiss[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(1): 45-56. (in Chinese with English abstract [27] PENG Y, MA Y S, LIU C L, et al, 2016. Geological characteristics and tectonic significance of the Indosinian granodiorites from the Zongwulong tectonic belt in North Qaidam[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(2): 206-221. (in Chinese with English abstract [28] PENG Y, ZHANG Y S, SUN J P, et al, 2018. Provenance and tectonic setting of the Zhongwunongshan group from the Zhongwunongshan structural belt and its adjacent areas in North Qaidam, China: evidence from geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 42(1): 126-149. (in Chinese with English abstract [29] QIAN B, ZHANG Z W, ZHANG Z B, et al, 2015. Ziron U-Pb geochronology of Niubiziliang mafic-ultramafic intrusion on the northwest margin of Qaidam Basin, Qinghai[J]. Geology in China, 42(3): 482-493. (in Chinese with English abstract [30] QIAN T, LI W P, GAO W L, et al, 2023. A preliminary study on post-orogenesis of the North Qaidam tectonic belt during the Early Paleozoic by provenance analysis of the Devonian sediments[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(3): 672-687. (in Chinese with English abstract [31] SONG S G, NIU Y L, SU L, et al, 2014. Continental orogenesis from ocean subduction, continent collision/subduction, to orogen collapse, and orogen recycling: the example of the North Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 129: 59-84. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.11.010 [32] SONG S G, ZHANG L F, NIU Y, et al, 2004. Early Paleozoic plate-tectonic evolution and deep continental subduction on the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 23(9-10): 918-925. (in Chinese with English abstract [33] SUN J P, CHEN S Y, PENG Y, et al, 2015. Research on Northern Qaidam tectonic attributes during Devonian[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum, 39(2): 23-30. (in Chinese with English abstract [34] SUN J P, CHEN S Y, LIU C L, et al, 2016. Tectonic setting of Northeastern Qaidam Basin and its evolution during the Late Paleozoic: evidence from geochemical characteristics of detrital rock[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 23(5): 45-55. (in Chinese with English abstract [35] WANG H C, LU S N, YUAN G B, et al, 2003. Tectonic setting and age of the "Tanjianshan Group" on the northern margin of the Qaidam basin[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 22(7): 487-493. (in Chinese with English abstract [36] WANG M J, SONG S G, NIU Y L, et al, 2014. Post-collisional magmatism: consequences of UHPM terrane exhumation and orogen collapse, N. Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China[J]. Lithos, 210-211: 181-198. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2014.10.006 [37] WU C L, GAO Y H, WU S P, et al, 2007. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of granites from the Da Qaidam area in the north margin of Qaidam basin, NW China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(8): 1861-1875. (in Chinese with English abstract [38] WU C L, WU D, MATTINSON C, et al, 2019. Petrogenesis of granitoids in the Wulan area: magmatic activity and tectonic evolution in the North Qaidam, NW China[J]. Gondwana Research, 67: 147-171. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2018.09.010 [39] XIA W J, NIU M L, YAN Z, et al, 2014. Sedimentary facies of the Maoniushan Formation in Maoniushan area along the northern margin of Qaidam Terrane[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(5): 943-955. (in Chinese with English abstract [40] XIN H T, WANG H C, ZHOU S J, 2006. Geological events and tectonic evolution of the north margin of the Qaidam Basin[J]. Geological Survey and Research, 29(4): 311-320. (in Chinese with English abstract [41] YAN Z, WANG Z Q, WANG T, et al, 2002. Sedimentary environment and tectonic significance of the Dacaotan Group of the Western Qinling Mountains[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 21(8-9): 505-515. (in Chinese with English abstract [42] YAN Z, WANG Z Q, WANG T, et al, 2007. Tectonic setting of Devonian sediments in the Qinling orogen: constraints from detrital modes and geochemistry of clastic rocks[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(5): 1023-1042. (in Chinese with English abstract [43] YANG J S, SONG S G, XU Z Q, et al, 2001. Discovery of coesite in the North Qaidam early Paleozoic ultrahigh-high pressure (UHP-HP) metamorphic belt, NW China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75(2): 175-179. (in Chinese with English abstract doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2001.tb00519.x [44] ZHANG C Y, ZHAO Y, LIU J, et al, 2019. Provenance analysis of the Maoniushan Formation in the North Qaidam basin and its tectonic significance[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 93(3): 712-723. (in Chinese with English abstract [45] ZHANG J X, MENG F C, MATTINSON G C, 2007a. Progress, controversies and challenge of studies on South Altyn Tagh-North Qaidam HP/UHP Metamorphic belt[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 13(3): 526-545. (in Chinese with English abstract [46] ZHANG J X, MENG F C, YU S Y, et al, 2007b. Metamorphic history recorded in high pressure mafic granulites in the Luliangshan Mountains to the north of Qaidam Basin, northwest China: evidence from petrology and zircon SHRIMP geochronology[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 14(1): 85-97. (in Chinese with English abstract [47] ZHANG J X, YU S Y, MATTINSON C G, 2017. Early Paleozoic polyphase metamorphism in northern Tibet, China[J]. Gondwana Research, 41: 267-289. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.009 [48] ZHANG X T, YANG S D, YANG Z J, 2007. The regional geology of Qinghai Province: a guide to the geological map of Qinghai Province[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. [49] ZHANG Y L, HU D G, SHI Y R, et al, 2010. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages and tectonic significance of Maoniushan Formation volcanic rocks in East Kunlun orogenic belt, China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 29(11): 1614-1618. (in Chinese with English abstract [50] ZHANG Y L, NI J Y, SHEN Y X, et al, 2018. Zircon U-Pb ages and geological significance of volcanic rocks from Maoniushan Formation in the Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin[J]. Geoscience, 32(2): 329-334. (in Chinese with English abstract [51] ZHUANG Y J, GU P Y, LI P Q, et al, 2019. Geochemistry, geochronology and Hf isotopic compositions of metagabbro dykes on the northwestern margin of Oulongbuluke micro-block on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 38(11): 1801-1812. (in Chinese with English abstract [52] ZONG K Q, KLEMD R, YUAN Y, et al, 2017. The assembly of Rodinia: the correlation of early Neoproterozoic (ca. 900Ma) high-grade metamorphism and continental arc formation in the southern Beishan Orogen, southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB)[J]. Precambrian Research, 290: 32-48. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2016.12.010 [53] 陈能松,王勤燕,陈强,等. 2007. 柴达木和欧龙布鲁克陆块基底的组成和变质作用及中国中西部古大陆演化关系初探[J]. 地学前缘,14(1):43-55. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2007.01.004 [54] 陈世悦,毕明威,孙娇鹏,等. 2016. 柴北缘上古生界混合沉积特征及控制因素[J]. 地质通报,35(2-3):282-292. [55] 陈守建,李荣社,计文化,等. 2007. 昆仑造山带晚泥盆世沉积特征及构造古地理环境[J]. 大地构造与成矿学,31(1):44-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1552.2007.01.006 [56] 陈宣华,尹安,GEHRELS G,等. 2011. 柴达木盆地东部基底花岗岩类岩浆活动的化学地球动力学[J]. 地质学报,85(2):157-171. [57] 陈有炘,裴先治,李瑞保,等. 2011. 东昆仑造山带东段元古界小庙岩组的锆石U-Pb年龄[J]. 现代地质,25(3):510-521. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2011.03.013 [58] 冯乔,秦宇,付锁堂,等. 2015. 柴达木盆地北缘乌兰县牦牛山组碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义[J]. 沉积学报,33(3):486-499. [59] 高万里,王宗秀,李磊磊,等. 2019. 柴达木盆地北缘小赛什腾山二叠纪花岗岩的发现及其构造意义[J]. 地质学报,93(4):816-829. [60] 韩建军,宋传中,何俊,等. 2020. 柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区闪长-花岗质岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义[J]. 大地构造与成矿学,44(1):157-170. [61] 郝国杰,陆松年,王惠初,等. 2004. 柴达木盆地北缘前泥盆纪构造格架及欧龙布鲁克古陆块地质演化[J]. 地学前缘,11(3):115-122. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2004.03.013 [62] 侯可军,李延河,邹天人,等. 2007. LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Hf同位素的分析方法及地质应用[J]. 岩石学报,23(10):2595-2604. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0569.2007.10.025 [63] 侯泉林,郭谦谦,方爱民. 2018. 造山带研究中有关复理石和磨拉石的几个问题[J]. 岩石学报,34(7):1885-1896. [64] 寇贵存,冯金炜,罗保荣,等. 2017. 青海阿木尼克山地区牦牛山组火山岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义[J]. 地质通报,36(2-3):275-284. [65] 李峰,吴志亮,李保珠,等. 2006. 柴达木盆地北缘滩间山群新厘定[J]. 西北地质,39(3):83-90. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2006.03.012 [66] 李建兵,万世昌,李镇宏. 2017. 柴北缘阿木尼克地区晚古生代牦牛山组火山岩地质地球化学特征及其地质意义[J]. 西北地质,50(3):47-53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2017.03.006 [67] 李荣社,计文化,赵振明,等. 2007. 昆仑早古生代造山带研究进展[J]. 地质通报,26(4):373-382. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.04.002 [68] 李瑞保,裴先治,李佐臣,等. 2012. 东昆仑东段晚古生代—中生代若干不整合面特征及其对重大构造事件的响应[J]. 地学前缘,19(5):244-254. [69] 刘彬,马昌前,郭盼,等. 2013. 东昆仑中泥盆世A型花岗岩的确定及其构造意义[J]. 地球科学-中国地质大学学报,38(5):947-962. [70] 刘永江,NEUBAUER F,李伟民,等. 2012. 柴北缘—南祁连地区构造热事件[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版),42(5):1317-1329. [71] 陆露,吴珍汉,胡道功,等. 2010. 东昆仑牦牛山组流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄及构造意义[J]. 岩石学报,26(4):1150-1158. [72] 孟繁聪,张建新,杨经绥. 2005. 柴北缘锡铁山早古生代HP/UHP变质作用后的构造热事件:花岗岩和片麻岩的同位素与岩石地球化学证据[J]. 岩石学报,21(1):45-56. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.2005.01.005 [73] 彭渊,马寅生,刘成林,等. 2016. 柴北缘宗务隆构造带印支期花岗闪长岩地质特征及其构造意义[J]. 地学前缘,23(2):206-221. [74] 彭渊,张永生,孙娇鹏,等. 2018. 柴北缘北部中吾农山构造带及邻区中吾农山群物源和构造环境:来自地球化学与锆石年代学的证据[J]. 大地构造与成矿学,42(1):126-149. [75] 钱兵,张照伟,张志炳,等. 2015. 柴达木盆地西北缘牛鼻子梁镁铁-超镁铁质岩体年代学及其地质意义[J]. 中国地质,42(3):482-493. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2015.03.007 [76] 钱涛,李王鹏,高万里,等. 2023. 柴达木盆地北缘构造带早古生代造山后作用初探:泥盆纪沉积物物源示踪[J]. 地质学报,97(3):672-687. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2023.03.003 [77] 青海省地质矿产局,1991. 中华人民共和国地质矿产部地质专报 一 区域地质 第24号 青海省区域地质志[M]. 北京:地质出版社. [78] 青海省地质矿产局,1997. 青海省岩石地层[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社. [79] 宋述光,张立飞,NIU Y,等. 2004. 青藏高原北缘早古生代板块构造演化和大陆深俯冲[J]. 地质通报,23(9-10):918-925. [80] 孙娇鹏,陈世悦,彭渊,等. 2015. 柴北缘构造带泥盆纪构造属性研究[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),39(2):23-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2015.02.004 [81] 孙娇鹏,陈世悦,刘成林,等. 2016. 柴达木盆地东北部晚古生代盆地构造环境:来自碎屑岩地球化学的证据[J]. 地学前缘,23(5):45-55. [82] 王惠初,陆松年,袁桂邦,等. 2003. 柴达木盆地北缘滩间山群的构造属性及形成时代[J]. 地质通报,22(7):487-493. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2003.07.005 [83] 吴才来,郜源红,吴锁平,等. 2007. 柴达木盆地北缘大柴旦地区古生代花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年[J]. 岩石学报,23(8):1861-1875. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0569.2007.08.008 [84] 夏文静,牛漫兰,闫臻,等. 2014. 柴北缘牦牛山地区牦牛山组沉积相组合特征[J]. 地质学报,88(5):943-955. [85] 辛后田,王惠初,周世军. 2006. 柴北缘的大地构造演化及其地质事件群[J]. 地质调查与研究,29(4):311-320. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-4135.2006.04.010 [86] 闫臻,王宗起,王涛,等. 2002. 西秦岭大草滩群的沉积环境及构造意义[J]. 地质通报,21(8-9):505-515. [87] 闫臻,王宗起,王涛,等. 2007. 秦岭造山带泥盆系形成构造环境:来自碎屑岩组成和地球化学方面的约束[J]. 岩石学报,23(5):1023-1042. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.2007.05.016 [88] 杨经绥,宋述光,许志琴,等. 2001. 柴达木盆地北缘早古生代高压一超高压变质带中发现典型超高压矿物:柯石英[J]. 地质学报,75(2):175-179. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2001.02.005 [89] 张春宇,赵越,刘金,等. 2019. 柴达木盆地北缘牦牛山组物源分析及其构造意义[J]. 地质学报,93(3):712-723. [90] 张建新,孟繁聪,MATTINSON C G. 2007a. 南阿尔金-柴北缘高压-超高压变质带研究进展、问题及挑战[J]. 高校地质学报,13(3):526-545. [91] 张建新,孟繁聪,于胜尧,等. 2007b. 柴北缘绿梁山高压基性麻粒岩的变质演化历史:岩石学及锆石SHRIMP年代学证据[J]. 地学前缘,14(1):85-97. [92] 张雪亭,杨生德,杨站君,2007. 青海省区域地质概论[M]. 北京:地质出版社. [93] 张耀玲,胡道功,石玉若,等. 2010. 东昆仑造山带牦牛山组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义[J]. 地质通报,29(11):1614-1618. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2010.11.003 [94] 张耀玲,倪晋宇,沈燕绪,等. 2018. 柴北缘牦牛山组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义[J]. 现代地质,32(2):329-334. [95] 庄玉军,辜平阳,李培庆,等. 2019. 柴北缘构造带欧龙布鲁克地块西北缘辉长岩脉地球化学、年代学及Hf同位素特征[J]. 地质通报,38(11):1801-1812. doi: 10.12097/j.issn.1671-2552.2019.11.004 期刊类型引用(1)
1. 马立成,江万,施辉,胡俊杰,张浩,陈程,董敏,彭博,方欣欣. 柴达木盆地东部尕海南山地区新生代叠加褶皱与油气运移. 现代地质. 2024(05): 1209-1220 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(0)
-