Cenozoic tectonic-thermal history reconstruction of the Qinnan Depression, Bohai Basin
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摘要: 构造−热演化史是认识盆地形成及其动力学机制的重要窗口,也是烃源岩成熟生烃研究的核心问题。随着能源需求的增长以及陆地油气发现难度的增加,海域逐渐成为中国油气勘探的重要接替区与国家能源战略研究的重要领域。秦南凹陷位于渤海海域西北部,勘探前景良好,但勘探程度低,构造−热演化研究尚属空白。文章选取秦南凹陷3条地震剖面,建立25口人工井,进行了构造沉降史和热史模拟,恢复了秦南凹陷构造−热演化历史。研究结果表明:秦南凹陷新生代以来于孔店组—沙河街组四段沉积时期(65~42 Ma)、沙河街组三段沉积时期(42~38 Ma)以及东营组三段沉积时期(32.8~30.3 Ma)分别经历了3期裂陷拉张,总拉张系数为1.27~2.05;对应这3期拉张作用,秦南凹陷基底热流经历3期升高,在东营组三段沉积末期(30.3 Ma)基底热流达到峰值64.0~89.0 mW/m2,之后逐渐降低至今;秦南凹陷构造−热演化过程与断裂活动具有良好的耦合关系。研究获得的拉张系数、基底热流等参数对于了解渤海盆地构造演化的深部动力学机制以及指导研究区油气勘探具有重要意义。Abstract:
Objective Tectono-thermal history is important to understand basin evolution and its geodynamic mechanism and is the key question to be solved for source rock maturation study. With the increasing energy demand and difficulty in oil and gas discovery on land, sea basins have gradually become an important alternative for oil and gas exploration and a hotspot of national energy strategy research. The Qinnan Depression, located in the northwest of the Bohai Sea, has good exploration prospects. However, owing to the low level of exploration, research on the tectono-thermal evolution of Qinnan Depression is still limited. Methods In this study, 25 artificial wells have been established based on 3 seismic profiles of the Qinnan Depression, and their tectonic subsidence and thermal history have been modeled to reconstruct the tectonic-thermal evolution history using a multi-stage finite stretching model. Results The results indicate that since the Cenozoic era, the Qinnan Depression has undergone three stages of rifting and stretching during the sedimentary periods of the Kongdian Formation to fourth member of the Shahejie Formation (65–42 Ma), the third member of the Shahejie Formation (42–38 Ma), and the third member of the Dongying Formation (32.8–30.3 Ma), with a total stretching factor of 1.27–2.05. Corresponding to the three stages of stretching, the basal heat flow of the Qinnan Depression has experienced three stages of increase, reaching a peak of 64.0–89.0 mW/m2 at the end of the deposition of the third member of the Dongying Formation (~30.3 Ma), and then decreased gradually until present. Conclusion The Qinnan Depression underwent three phases of heating and two stages of cooling since the Cenozoic period. There is a good coupling relationship between the tectonic-thermal evolution process and fault activity in the Qinnan Depression. Significance The parameters such as tension system and basement heat flow history obtained in this study are of great significance for understanding the deep dynamic mechanisms of basin tectonic evolution and guiding oil and gas exploration. -
Key words:
- Bohai Basin /
- Qinnan Depression /
- structure subsidence /
- thermal history /
- Cainozoic
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图 2 秦南凹陷构造剖面图(剖面位置见图1b;据胡志伟等,2019修改)
注:Mz—基底;Qp—更新统;其他地层符号同图1c
Figure 2. Structural section of the Qinnan Depression (The cross-sectional position is shown in Fig.1b;modified from Hu et al., 2019)
Notes: Mz—basement; Qp—Pleistocene; other stratigraphic symbols are the same as Fig.1c.
图 5 渤海盆地秦南凹陷观测构造沉降曲线与预测沉积曲线拟合
β—总拉张因子
Figure 5. Subsidence analysis for the 25 artificial wells in the Qinnan depression.
The circles connected by the dashed lines indicate observed subsidence (from back-stripping), while the dark solid lines represent the theoretical subsidence predicted by the multi-episodic finite stretching model; β—total stretching factor.
图 7 模拟温度及镜质体反射率与实测值拟合图
a—温度模拟值与实测值(实线为模拟得到的温度曲线,圆圈为实测的温度值);b—镜质体反射率模拟值与实测值(实线为ARCO模型计算而得的RO曲线,虚线为LLNL模型计算而得的RO曲线,方框为实测RO)
Figure 7. Simulated and measured values of temperature and vitrinite reflectance
(a) Simulated and measured values of temperature (the solid line represents the simulated temperature curve, and the circle represents the measured temperature value); (b) Simulated and measured values of vitrinite reflectance (the solid line represents the RO value curve calculated by the ARCO model, the dashed line represents the RO value curve calculated by the LLNL model, and the box represents the measured RO value)
图 8 秦南凹陷各沉积时期平均构造沉降速率与断层平均活动速率
a—平均构造沉降速率;b—断层平均活动速率(刘丹丹等,2020)
Figure 8. Average tectonic subsidence rate and fault activity rate during different sedimentary periods in the Qinnan Depression
(a) Average tectonic subsidence rate; (b) Average fault activity rate(Liu et al.,2020)
表 1 模型参数及取值
Table 1. Definitions and values of parameters used in this study
参数符号 参数名称 取值 单位 $ a $ 岩石圈厚度 125 km $ {t}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $ 初始地壳厚度 35 km $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{w}}} $ 海水密度 1030 kg/m3 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{c}}} $ 地壳密度 2800 kg/m3 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{m}}} $ 地幔密度 3330 kg/m3 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{a}}} $ 软流圈密度 3200 kg/m3 $ \mathrm{\kappa } $ 岩石圈热扩散率系数 1.0×10−6 m2/s $ \mathrm{\alpha } $ 岩石圈热膨胀系数 3.2×10−5 ℃−1 $ {K}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $ 地壳热导率 3.1 W/(m·K) $ {K}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $ 地幔热导率 2.9 W/(m·K) 注:模型参数取值参考刘琼颖和何丽娟(2019)、Chen(2014) 表 2 渤海盆地秦南凹陷拉张因子
Table 2. Stretching factors of the Qinnan Depression
洼陷 井号 第1期
(65~42 Ma)第2期
(42~38 Ma)第3期
(32.8~30.3Ma)总拉张
因子西洼 Q1-1 1.05 1.16 1.04 1.27 Q1-2 1.07 1.24 1.01 1.34 Q1-8 1.41 1.09 1.01 1.55 东洼 Q2-1 1.04 1.28 1.08 1.44 Q2-2 1.11 1.37 1.08 1.64 Q2-3 1.19 1.43 1.08 1.84 Q2-4 1.14 1.62 1.11 2.05 Q2-5 1.10 1.51 1.18 1.96 东南洼 Q3-2 1.13 1.14 1.04 1.34 Q3-3 1.01 1.54 1.02 1.59 Q3-4 1.05 1.49 1.03 1.61 Q3-5 1.13 1.37 1.03 1.59 Q3-6 1.10 1.36 1.05 1.57 Q3-7 1.10 1.33 1.07 1.57 Q3-8 1.09 1.32 1.08 1.55 Q3-9 1.18 1.16 1.08 1.48 Q3-10 1.18 1.21 1.05 1.50 Q3-11 1.32 1.18 1.03 1.60 Q3-12 1.23 1.35 1.04 1.73 Q3-13 1.24 1.20 1.09 1.62 Q3-14 1.15 1.21 1.10 1.53 Q3-15 1.16 1.28 1.03 1.53 Q3-16 1.15 1.25 1.06 1.52 Q3-17 1.18 1.19 1.07 1.50 Q3-18 1.13 1.19 1.07 1.44 平均值 1.15 1.30 1.06 1.57 表 3 渤海盆地秦南凹陷人工井基底热流史(单位:mW/m2)
Table 3. Calculated basal heat flow data for all the artificial wells in Qinnan Depression
洼陷 井名 65Ma 42Ma 38Ma 32.8Ma 30.3Ma 23.3Ma 12Ma 0Ma 西洼 Q1-1 54.9 56.6 62.4 62.4 64.0 63.7 62.7 61.4 Q1-2 54.9 57.3 66.2 66.0 66.4 65.9 64.5 62.7 Q1-8 54.9 68.9 72.8 71.9 71.9 70.2 67.4 64.8 平均值 60.9 67.1 66.8 67.4 63.0 东洼 Q2-1 54.9 56.3 66.4 66.3 69.9 69.3 67.5 65.2 Q2-2 54.9 58.7 72.8 72.5 76.3 74.9 71.7 68.3 Q2-3 54.9 61.4 78.9 78.1 82.0 79.5 74.9 70.6 Q2-4 54.9 59.7 83.9 83.0 89.0 85.4 79.2 73.7 Q2-5 54.9 58.3 77.7 77.2 86.9 84.0 78.4 73.2 平均值 58.9 75.9 75.4 80.8 70.2 东南洼 Q3-2 54.9 59.4 64.8 64.6 66.2 65.6 64.1 62.4 Q3-3 54.9 55.2 74.1 74.1 75.0 74.1 71.2 68.0 Q3-4 54.9 56.6 74.4 74.2 75.6 74.4 71.4 68.1 Q3-5 54.9 59.4 73.8 73.3 74.6 73.2 70.3 67.2 Q3-6 54.9 58.3 72.0 71.7 74.0 72.8 70.1 67.1 Q3-7 54.9 58.3 70.9 70.6 73.9 72.7 70.0 67.0 Q3-8 54.9 58.0 70.0 69.8 73.5 72.5 69.9 66.9 Q3-9 54.9 61.1 67.5 67.2 70.7 69.6 67.4 64.9 Q3-10 54.9 61.1 69.6 69.1 71.3 70.1 67.8 65.2 Q3-11 54.9 65.9 73.7 72.9 73.9 72.2 69.1 66.2 Q3-12 54.9 62.8 77.4 76.6 78.2 76.1 72.3 68.6 Q3-13 54.9 63.1 71.5 70.9 75.0 73.4 70.3 67.1 Q3-14 54.9 60.1 68.3 68.0 72.5 71.4 68.9 66.2 Q3-15 54.9 60.4 71.5 71.1 72.3 71.1 68.5 65.8 Q3-16 54.9 60.1 69.9 69.6 72.2 71.1 68.6 65.9 Q3-17 54.9 61.1 68.7 68.3 71.4 70.3 67.9 65.4 Q3-18 54.9 59.4 66.8 66.5 69.5 68.7 66.7 64.5 平均值 60.2 69.0 68.7 71.6 65.6 -
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