Characteristics of life-cycle stages and reservoir control in the development of extensional faults in the Dongying Sag
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摘要: 断层从无到有的形成过程具有隐性、显性等多个演化阶段，而断层由隐性阶段的胚胎期到显性阶段末期的老年期等各个成长阶段的判别难度很大。针对这一问题，以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为研究对象，应用物理模拟、数值模拟等方法重现控盆边界断层−陈南断层胚胎期到老年期的全生命阶段演化过程及各阶段的固有特征；在此基础上，定性、定量判识东营凹陷主要断层的相对年龄（Relative Age，RA）以及各年龄阶段的断层活动方式，建立其控藏模式。研究结果表明：东营凹陷张扭性断层可以划分为胚胎期（0<RA≤1，微裂缝或诱导裂缝带）、幼年期（1<RA≤2，断层核形成、裂面断续相连）、青年期（2<RA≤3，板状主断面贯通、清晰断距）、壮年期（3<RA≤4，断层核两侧破碎带形成、板状−铲式断面）、老年期（4<RA≤5，坡坪式断面、派生构造复杂）和消亡期（5<RA≤6，断层停止活动或者发生反转）6个阶段；断层的活动方式与断层年龄的持续时间和活动强度有着密切的关系，稳定、持续、高强度的断层活动方式有利于断层向老年期发展。断层控藏作用研究表明：胚胎期、幼年期断层主要控制油气圈闭，青年期断层主要控制砂体和储层分布，壮年期、老年期断层控制着烃源岩的总体展布范围以及油气的运移、聚集和逸散等过程。结合优势控藏要素、油气富集程度和油气聚集规模等因素进行断层控藏能力评价，陈南断层控藏能力等级为“强”。从断层生命发育演化阶段重新认识断层的控藏能力，将有力地推动和提升断层控藏的理论研究与成熟探区的勘探水平。Abstract:
Objective Faults are among the most prevalent geological structures in oil and gas basins. Because of their significant connection to oil and gas resources, they have consistently attracted the attention of experts and scholars in the field, making them a hot research topic. Although previous researchers delved tirelessly into the correlation between faults, oil, and gas, new theoretical breakthroughs have been steadily emerging and have been used to promote advancements in oil and gas exploration. Nonetheless, there continues to be a dearth of thorough investigations into the underlying links between faults and the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs, as well as methods for comprehensively and quantitatively defining the connections between faults and oil and gas. Methods The formation of a fault from inception encompasses multiple stages of development, including implicit and explicit stages, and differentiating the diverse growth stages of a fault, ranging from the initial embryonic stage to the terminal stage, poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, the Dongying Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin was selected as the focal point of this study. By employing physical and numerical simulation techniques, the researchers sought to replicate the entire life cycle evolution of the Chennan Fault, a basin-controlling boundary fault, from its embryonic stage to its terminal stage while elucidating the distinct characteristics of each stage. Building upon this foundation, the relative ages of the primary faults in the Dongying Depression and the various modes of fault activity at different stages were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, leading to the establishment of a reservoir-control model. Results The research findings indicate that normal faults tend to grow in six distinct stages: the embryonic stage (0 < RA (relative age) ≤ 1), characterized by microfractures or induced fracture zones; juvenile stage (1 < RA ≤ 2), with an intermittent connection of fault geometry; mature stage (2 < RA ≤ 3), marked by the connection of plate-like fault geometry and clear fault throw; declining stage (3 < RA ≤ 4), in which induced fracture zones form on both sides of the fault core, resulting in a shovel-like fault geometry; terminal stage (4 < RA ≤ 5), ramp-flat fault geometry, which has complex derived structures; and death stage (5 < RA ≤ 6), in which fault movement stops or undergoes inversion. The activity pattern of a fault is intricately linked to the duration and intensity of its age. Stable continuous, and high-intensity fault activity promotes the evolution of faults into their terminal stage. Research on reservoir control traps indicates that faults can create reservoirs at all stages of their development. However, as faults age, their ability to control reservoir formation strengthens. The types of traps influenced by faults transition from individual, isolated structures to a variety of arrangements. Moreover, the diversity of oil and gas reservoirs evolves from singular to multifaceted, and the size of these reservoirs expands from small to large. The embryonic and juvenile stage faults primarily influence closure; the mature stage faults predominantly impact sand and reservoir; and the declining stage and terminal stage faults primarily govern the overall distribution range of source rocks, as well as the migration, accumulation, and dissipation of oil and gas. Conclusion The reservoir control potential of the Chennan Fault was assessed by considering factors such as reservoir control advantages, the degree of oil and gas enrichment, and the scale of oil and gas accumulation. The reservoir control capacity of the Chennan Fault was classified as “strong.” Reevaluation of the fault’s reservoir control potential from the perspective of its developmental and evolutionary stages significantly enhances and elevates theoretical research on fault reservoir control and also advances exploration efforts in established mature areas. [Significance] Identifying the formation age and evolutionary patterns of extensional faults has immense theoretical and practical importance for comprehending alterations in the fault’s reservoir control capabilities. Moreover, it offers crucial guidance for oil and gas exploration, particularly for enhancing the reserves in existing exploration areas. -
图 1 渤海湾盆地构造简图及研究区位置
N—Q—新近系—第四系；${\mathrm{E}}s_{1} $—Ed—沙河街组一段—东营组；${\mathrm{E}}s_{3} $—${\mathrm{E}}s_{2} $—沙河街组三段—沙河街组二段；Ek—${\mathrm{E}}s_{4} $—孔店组—沙河街组四段；Mz—中生界；Anz—前震旦系 a—渤海湾盆地区域图；b—东营凹陷区域图；c—东营凹陷剖面图
Figure 1. Simple tectonic map of Bohai Bay Basin and the location of the study region
(a) Map of the Bohai Bay Basin; (b) Map of the Dongying Sag; (c) Cross section of the Dongying Sag
图 2 东营凹陷地层柱状图及实验材料选取
Figure 2. Stratigraphic column diagram of the Dongying Sag and the experimental material selection
图 3 砂箱实验模型示意图
a—水平均匀伸展模型；b—曲折基底伸展模型
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of sandbox experiment model
(a) Horizontal uniform extension model; (b) Zigzag basement extension model
图 4 陈南断层伸展模型的砂箱实验结果
CNF—陈南断层a—水平均匀伸展模型；b—曲折基底伸展模型
Figure 4. Findings from sandbox experiments on the Chennan fault extension
(a) Horizontal uniform stretch model; (b) Zigzag basement extension model Note: CNF is the Chennan fault.
图 5 陈南断层伸展模型砂箱实验结果素描图
CNF—陈南断层a—水平均匀伸展模型；b—曲折基底伸展模型
Figure 5. Sketch of the sandbox experinlental results of the Chennan fault extension model
(a) Horizontal uniform stretching model; (b) Zigzag basement extension model Note: CNF is the Chennan fault.
图 6 壮年期—老年期正断层生长模型
Figure 6. Normal fault growth model from the prime of life to old age
图 7 伸展断层演化模式
a—胚胎期；b—幼年期；c—青年期；d—壮年期；e—老年期
Figure 7. Evolution pattern of the extensional fault
(a) Embryonic stage; (b) Juvenile stage; (c) Mature stage; (d) Declining stage; (e) Terminal stage
图 8 不同年龄阶段伸展断层发育特征的地震剖面
a—幼年期；b—青年期；c—壮年期；d—老年期
Figure 8. Seismic sections showing the characteristics of extensional fault development at various age stages of formation
(a) Juvenile stage; (b) Mature stage; (c) Declining stage; (d) Terminal stage
图 9 东营凹陷各年龄阶段断层的主要活动方式
Figure 9. Major fault activity patterns at varying age stages in the Dongying Sag
图 10 东营凹陷各年龄阶段断层的控藏模式
a—胚胎期阶段；b—幼年期阶段；c—青年期阶段；d—壮年期阶段；e—老年期阶段
Figure 10. Fault-controlled reservior pattern at different age stages of the Dongying Sag
(a) Embryonic Stage; (b) Juvenile stage; (c) Mature stage; (d) Declining stage; (e) Terminal stage
表 1 正断层年龄阶段判别标准
Table 1. Criteria for determining the age stage of normal faults
赋值 1 2 3 4 5 6 断层演化阶段 胚胎期 幼年期 青年期 壮年期 老年期 消亡期 RA(相对年龄) (0,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4] (4,5] (5,6] 断距/切割深度 0 0～6 6～9 9～12 >12 反转 切割深度/长度 0～0.4 0～0.8 0～1.2 1.2～1.6 >1.6 断面形态 无 板状 轻微铲状，倾角>60° 铲状，倾角<60° 铲状/坡坪状，倾角<45° 派生构造 无 无 派生破裂 派生破裂或极少断层 复杂派生构造 断层带结构 裂缝 破裂/贯通 滑动破碎带 滑动破碎带+诱导裂缝带 滑动破碎带+诱导裂缝带+断层泥 
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表 2 东营凹陷主要断层年龄阶段判别结果
Table 2. Results of age stage determination of major faults in the Dongying Sag
断层名称 走向 断层长度/
km新生代
断距/m切割深度/
km切割深度/
断距赋值 长度/切割深度 赋值 断面形态 赋值 断层描述 赋值 相对年龄（RA）/阶段 石村断层 北西向 90 1280.73 6000 4.68 2 1.50 4 轻微铲状 3 较为复杂 4 3.25 壮年期 陈南断层东段 北西向 50 反转 坡坪式 6 复杂 6 6.00 消亡期 林北断层 北东东向 30 640 6000 9.37 4 0.50 2 轻微铲状 3 少数破裂 2 2.75 青年期 林南断层西段 北东东向 60 702 3590 5.11 2 1.67 5 轻微铲状 3 少数破裂 2 3.00 青年期 林南断层东段 北东东向 60 735 3590 4.88 2 1.67 5 铲状 4 破裂 3 3.50 壮年期 高青断层西段 近东西向 70 1206 5000 坡坪状 5 复杂 5 5.00 消亡期 高青断层东段 近东西向 70 1238 5000 铲状 5 复杂 5 5.00 消亡期 滨南断层 近东西向 35 2091 7500 5.59 3 1.47 4 坡坪状 5 复杂 5 4.25 老年期 陈南断层西段 近东西向 80 3319 7500 2.26 1 1.07 3 坡坪状 5 派生复杂 5 3.50 老年期 任风断层 近东西向 100 3590 2.79 5 板状 2 复杂 5 3.00 青年期 无南断层西段 近东西向 75 916 3590 2.86 1 12.00 5 坡坪状 5 复杂 5 4.00 老年期 无南断层东段 近东西向 75 948 3590 3.26 2 12.00 5 坡坪状 5 复杂 5 4.25 老年期 垦东断层南段 近东西向 50 514 3600 7.00 3 1.39 4 裂缝 3 无 1 2.75 青年期 垦东断层北段 近东西向 50 断续相连 2 无 2 2.00 幼年期 王家岗断层带 近东西向 60 裂缝 1 无 1 1.00 胚胎期 胜永断层 近东西向 60 854 7500 8.78 4 0.80 2 轻微铲状 3 较为复杂 4 3.25 壮年期 中央断层 近东西向 80 516 6000 11.63 4 1.33 4 铲状 2 较为复杂 4 3.50 壮年期 八面河断层 近东西向 60 0 4600 6.27 3 1.30 4 断续相连 2 较为复杂 2 2.25 幼年期 博兴断层 近东西向 40 1174 6000 5.11 2 0.67 2 板状 2 无 1 1.75 青年期 孤东断层 近东西向 50 无 1 无 1.00 胚胎期
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表 3 东营凹陷断层控藏要素分类与控藏能力评价
Table 3. Classification of fault reservoir-forming elements and evaluation of reservoir-controlling capabilities in the Dongying Sag
控藏能力 强 中 弱 烃源岩 影响大，主控 影响一般 影响较小 储层 影响大，控扇为主 影响一般、控砂为主 影响较小 输导体系 影响 影响大，主控 影响一般 影响较小 活动方式 双峰、三峰式、增速式、匀速式 稳定式、单峰式 衰减式 圈闭 类型多，规模大 类型少，规模小 影响较小
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