Considerations on the application of in-situ stress measurement and real-time monitoring in deep underground engineering in strong tectonic activity region
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摘要: 强构造活动区，因其原位地应力集中突出、变化复杂、各向异性显著，已成为亟待解决的重大工程地质安全问题和挑战。文章首先分析了原位地应力测量在强构造活动区深埋地下工程应用的经验和不足，然后研究了原位地应力实时监测在强构造活动区深埋地下工程中的应用方法、技术及作用，最后给出了原位地应力测量与实时监测在强构造活动区深埋地下工程中应用建议。研究表明在强构造活动区，不能仅仅依据有限深孔地应力测量结果确定深埋地下工程总体地应力设计参数，而应开展三维地应力场综合研究，揭示其三维地应力场空间分布特征，针对深埋地下工程不同位置采用不同的地应力设计参数，避免因地应力设计参数偏大或偏小造成工程建设浪费或工程病害；在强构造活动区，饼状岩芯密度与地应力测量大小成反比，在饼状岩芯发育深度范围之下未来会形成但仍未形成饼状岩芯的深度范围往往地应力最高、应力最为集中，深埋地下工程应避免该深度范围；原位地应力实时监测可以动态揭示某一构造部位地应力大小的相对变化趋势和演化过程，并可计算地应力实时监测期间不同时域地应力状态绝对值，当大地震或重大工程地质问题发生后，不用开展新的地应力绝对测量，就可以快速评价区域地壳稳定性、深埋地下工程地质安全风险等，为深埋地下工程损毁修复提供量化设计地应力参数及预防变形破坏应力应变预留阈值，评价断层活动危险性。研究成果可为强构造活动区重大工程规划建设和安全运维提供科学依据。
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关键词:
- 强构造活动区 /
- 饼状岩芯 /
- 原位地应力测量 /
- 压磁电感法地应力实时监测 /
- 应力应变预留阈值
Abstract: The concentration, complexity, and significant anisotropy of in-situ stress make it a pressing and challenging issue in engineering geology safety in strong tectonic activity areas. This paper firstly analyzes the application and existing problems of in-situ stress measurement in deep-buried underground engineering in strong tectonic activity areas. Then, it focuses on the application method, technology, and roles of real-time in-situ stress monitoring in deep underground engineering within tectonically active regions. Finally, it discusses the problems that need to be considered in the application of in-situ stress measurement and real-time monitoring. The results show that in the strong tectonic activity area, relying solely on limited deep hole in-situ stress measurements to determine overall stress design parameters for deep underground engineering is inadequate. A comprehensive study of the three-dimensional in-situ stress field is necessary to reveal its spatial distribution characteristics. Different in-situ stress design parameters should be used for different positions of the deep-buried underground project to avoid engineering waste or engineering damages caused by large or small in-situ stress design parameters. In the strong tectonic activity area, the disk core density is inversely proportional to the measured magnitude of the in-situ stress, and the depth range that has yet to form in the cake-shaped core often has the highest in-situ stress and the most concentrated stress, and the deep underground engineering should avoid this depth range. While a major earthquake or major engineering geological problem occurs, real-time monitoring of in-situ stress can dynamically reveal the relative change trend and evolution process of the in-situ stress magnitude of a specific structural site. It can calculate the absolute value of the in-situ stress state in different time domains during the real-time monitoring period without carrying out new absolute in-situ stress measurements. Regional crust stability and deep-buried engineering geological safety risks can be quickly evaluated, and quantitative in-situ stress design parameters and the stress-strain reserved threshold for preventing deformation and breaking can be provided for the damage repair of deep-buried engineering and the risk of fault activity can also be assessed. The research results will offer geological security for the planning, construction, and safe operation and maintenance of major projects in strong tectonic activity areas. -
图 2 河北省昌黎县钻孔水压致裂地应力测量压力−时间曲线
Figure 2. Pressure–time curves of hydrofracturing stress measurement in boreholes in Changli County, Hebei Province
图 3 压磁法地应力实时监测原理示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the principle of real-time in-situ stress monitoring by piezomagnetic inductance method
图 4 林芝地应力实时监测结果与2015年尼泊尔地震事件
Figure 4. Results of stress monitoring in Linzhi with the 2015 Nepal earthquake event
图 5 4个测向（夹角45°）正应力与最大水平主应力示意图
Figure 5. Diagram between normal stresses of four directions (angle of 45 degrees) and maximum horizontal principal stress
图 6 西藏山南地区乃东县地应力实时监测结果
红色箭头点线表示北东方向地应力呈长期缓慢积累增大趋势；绿色箭头点线表示北西方向地应力呈长期缓慢松弛减小趋势
Figure 6. In-situ stress real-time monitoring results in Naidong County, Shannan region, Tibet
The red arrow dotted line indicates a long-term slow and cumulative increase trend of the NE in-situ stress, while the green arrow dotted line indicates a long-term slow and relaxed decrease trend of the NW in-situ stress.
表 1 地应力判定划分标准
Table 1. Standard for determining in-situ stress classification
应力级别 强度应力比σc/σmax σmax/MPa 陶振宇法：SHmax/Sv 杨子文法：R/σmax 国外 国内 法国隧
道协会日本应用
地质协会苏联顿
巴斯矿区日本国
铁隧规岩土工程
国家标准铁路工程
行业标准公路工程
行业标准水电工程
国家标准低地应力 >4 >4 >4 >6 >7 >7 >7 >7 <10 1.0～1.5 10～100 中等地应力 2～4 2～4 2.2～4 4～6 4～7 10～20 1.5～2.0 4～10 高地应力 <2 <2 <2.2 <4 4～7 4～7 4～7 2～4 20～40 >2 2～4 极高地应力 <4 <4 <4 <2 ≥40 <2 注：σc为岩石饱和单轴抗压强度，MPa；σmax为最大地应力，MPa；SHmax为最大水平主应力，MPa；Sv为垂向主应力，MPa； R=245×(σc/300)0.99Kw0.99，Kw为岩体的完整性系数 
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