Research on weak information extraction methods in the exploration of hidden Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, China
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摘要: 黔西南地区是中国卡林型金矿的集中分布区，金矿成矿地质条件优越，找矿潜力巨大。但区内浅表金矿资源已基本找寻殆尽，找矿工作全面进入“攻深找盲”阶段。隐伏金矿由于矿体埋深较大，地表的矿化信息必然非常微弱甚至没有信息显示，深部成矿信息获取困难。如何识别并获取与深部成矿作用有关的地球化学信息，成为制约找矿突破的关键因素。黔西南卡林型金矿的形成及就位主要受背斜及断裂构造的控制，元素地球化学的分布、分异和成矿同样受到构造应力的影响，深部成矿信息通过断裂、裂隙与浅部及地表相联系，浅部构造岩石中的地球化学异常能在一定程度上反映深部的矿致异常。因此，以构造地球化学理论为基础，分析黔西南地区成矿地质条件和相应元素组合的迁移和富集规律，对卡林型金矿隐伏矿找矿地球化学弱信息提取的关键环节进行深入剖析，总结构造地球化学弱信息提取方法指标参数，有效提取深部成矿元素沿构造裂隙向上渗滤扩散形成的弱异常，对深部隐伏矿进行初步定位预测。弱信息识别及提取的相关研究成果对丰富黔西南地区卡林型金矿的成矿理论具有一定的学术价值，同时使用该方法在黔西南金矿隐伏矿找矿上能有效圈定并优选找矿靶区，对落实新一轮找矿突破战略行动任务具有积极的现实意义。Abstract:
Objective The southwestern Guizhou region is a concentrated distribution area of Carlin-type gold deposits in China, with superior geological conditions for gold mineralization and enormous potential for mineral exploration. However, the shallow gold resources in the region have been largely exhausted, and the exploration work has entered the stage of "exploration in deep and blind areas". Due to the deep burial depth of the ore body, the mineralization information on the surface of hidden gold mines is inevitably very weak or may not even be displayed, making it challenging to obtain deep mineralization information. How to accurately identify and obtain geochemical information related to deep mineralization has become a key factor restricting exploration breakthroughs. Methods Conventional geochemical prospecting methods are susceptible to the influence of surrounding rocks or cover materials, making it difficult to acquire information related to deep mineralization. The formation and emplacement of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou are mainly controlled by anticlines and fault structures, and the distribution, differentiation, and mineralization of elemental geochemistry are also influenced by tectonic stress. Based on the theory of tectonic geochemistry, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the geological conditions for gold mineralization and the migration and enrichment patterns of corresponding element combinations in the southwestern Guizhou region. The sampling principles, sampling media, and data selection of weak information extraction in tectonic geochemistry are restricted to a certain extent. Various high permeability conductive shallow structural rock samples are collected to test their ore-forming indicator elements. This method can identify and extract weak information on the formation of deep-hidden ore bodies on the surface. Results Deep mineralization information is related to the shallow and surface through faults and fractures, and the geochemical anomalies in the shallow structural rocks can somewhat reflect the deep mining-induced anomalies. The sampling object for weak information extraction in tectonic geochemistry is tectonic altered rocks, which highlights information related to mineralization and weakens other interference information, thus enabling the extraction of weak geochemical anomalies formed by deep-hidden mineralization on the surface. In the formation process of hydrothermal deposits, the structure is not only a good channel for the migration of ore-forming fluids but also a favorable space for mineral precipitation and enrichment of ore-forming. The element geochemical anomalies obtained from collecting structural rock samples can indicate the ore-forming properties of the corresponding structure, indirectly indicating the ore-forming center and providing a scientific basis for the preliminary positioning prediction and engineering verification of hidden deposits. The weak information extraction method of structural geochemistry has been proven effective in the exploration of hidden Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. This method can be extended to more exploration practices of hidden deposits in hydrothermal deposits, showing broad application prospects. Conclusion The weak information extraction technology of structural geochemistry is applicable to the exploration of hydrothermal deposits, which can effectively extract weak mineralization information of deep-hidden deposits, help invert the structural control type, infer the approximate occurrence of hidden deposits, select key exploration target areas, and conduct preliminary positioning and prediction of hidden deposits. Significance The research results on identifying and extracting weak geochemical information have specific academic value for enriching the ore-forming theory of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. At the same time, this method can effectively delineate and optimize the exploration target areas for hidden hydrothermal mineral deposits, which has positive practical significance for implementing a new round of breakthrough strategic action tasks in mineral exploration. -
图 1 黔西南地区断裂−褶皱体系（据骆地伟等，2016修改）
Figure 1. Fault–fold system in southwestern Guizhou (modified aftar Luo et al., 2016)
图 2 卡林型金矿多层次构造滑脱成矿系统示意图（据刘建中等，2020修改）
Figure 2. Multi-level tectonic detachment mineralization system of Carlin-type gold deposits (modified aftar Liu et al., 2020)
图 3 黔西南水系沉积物金异常与矿床位置图（据冯济舟等，2008修改）
Figure 3. Gold anomaly and deposit location map of water system sediments in southwestern Guizhou (modified aftar Feng et al., 2008)
图 4 构造地球化学采样点布置示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the layout of geochemical sampling points
图 5 采样节点范围内的采样介质示意图
a—采样介质为节理裂隙充填物；b、c—采样介质为构造蚀变体中硅化岩石；d—采样介质为断层泥；e—采样介质为蚀变的角砾岩；f—采样介质为穿层脉体；g—h—采样介质为断层破碎带上的胶结物及断层角砾
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of sampling medium within the sampling node range
(a) Joint fissure filling material; (b, c) Silicified rocks in structural alteration variants; (d) Fault gouge; (e) Altered breccia; (f)Transdermal vein; (g, h) Cement and fault breccia on the fault fracture zone
图 6 者相二金矿43勘查线剖面图（据何金坪，2021修改）
Figure 6. Section map of Exploration Line 43 of Zhexiang'er Gold Mine (modified aftar He., 2021)
图 7 包谷地背斜构造地球化学异常平面示意图（据谭礼金等，2017修改）
Figure 7. Plan of geochemical anomalies in the Baogudi anticline structure (modified aftar Tan et al., 2017)
图 8 土壤地球化学测量与构造地球化学测量圈定的金异常对比图（据谭礼金等，2017；李松涛等，2022修改）
a—土壤地球化学测量；b—构造地球化学测量
Figure 8. Comparison charts of gold anomalies delineated by soil geochemical measurements and structural geochemical measurements (modified aftar Tan et al., 2017;Li et al., 2022)
(a) Soil geochemical measurements; (b) Tectonic geochemical measurements
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