Differences in crustal stress direction in the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone in Sichuan Basin: Insights from in situ borehole image logging
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摘要: 华蓥山断裂带作为四川盆地内规模最大的断裂带，两侧地质构造存在较大差异，历史上该断裂带上频发5级左右地震，现今仍具一定活动性，扰动着盆地的地应力场。明确华蓥山断裂带的地壳应力状态可以提高对该地区活动变形、构造活动以及地震活动性的认识，并对后续华蓥山断裂带研究提供参考依据。在收集整理华蓥山断裂带南段8处钻孔测井成像（钻孔崩落与钻孔诱发张裂缝）数据基础上，结合中国现代地应力场和四川盆地东南缘的地震震源机制解数据对其地应力特征进行了综合分析。研究结果表明：华蓥山断裂带南段南部地区大多数钻孔的最大水平主应力为北西西—南东东向，与四川盆地区域应力场方向一致，仅1处钻孔的最大水平主应力呈北东东—南西西向；在南段中部地区钻孔的最大水平主应力均为北东东—南西西向，对比四川盆地区域应力场呈逆时针偏转。应力方向发生偏转主要是由华蓥山断裂带基底性质变化、构造应力和区域应力场的综合作用造成的。Abstract:
Objective The Huayingshan fault zone, the largest fault zone within Sichuan Basin, exhibits notable differences in geological structures on both sides. Historically, earthquakes with a magnitude of ≤5 have occurred frequently along this fault zone, which remains relatively active to this day, disturbing the crustal stress field of the basin. Clarifying the crustal stress state of the Huayingshan fault zone can enhance our understanding of its active deformation and its tectonic and seismic activities and serve as a reference for subsequent research regarding this fault zone. Currently, geostress studies in this area rely mainly on analyzing seismic data, whereas the investigation of borehole data remains relatively scarce. Methods We collected and collated imaging data regarding borehole collapse and borehole-induced tensile fractures from eight borehole logging sites in the southern segment of the Huayingshan fault zone; the geostress directions of these eight boreholes were determined by analyzing these data. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the geostress characteristics was performed by combining the data regarding China’s modern stress field and the earthquake focal mechanism solutions in the southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin. Results The maximum horizontal principal stress in four boreholes located in the southern region of the southern segment of the Huayingshan fault zone was oriented in the NWW-SEE direction, which aligns with the regional stress field direction in Sichuan Basin; only one borehole in the southern region exhibited a maximum horizontal principal stress in the NEE—SWW direction, representing a counterclockwise deviation relative to the regional stress field of Sichuan Basin. Meanwhile, the maximum horizontal principal stress in all three boreholes in the central region of the southern segment of the Huayingshan fault zone was also oriented in the NEE—SWW direction, representing a counterclockwise deviation relative to the regional stress field of Sichuan Basin. Conclusion Through the comprehensive analysis of the above results and the tectonic features and basement properties of the study area, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The deviations in stress direction in the southern segment of the fault zone are primarily caused by the combined effects of changes in the basement properties of the region, tectonic stress near the boreholes, and the regional stress field. (2) The geostress characteristics obtained in the present study, along with the focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes in the southern segment of the Huayingshan fault zone, indicate that the stress direction in the southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin is relatively divergent, resulting from the combined effects of complex local structures and the regional stress field in this region. Significance The present study aims to supplement the geostress data regarding the southern segment of the Huayingshan fault zone based on borehole data, analyze the current stress field state of the rock mass, and determine the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress. These findings will provide supporting geostress data for subsequent research on the frequent seismic activities in this region. -
Key words:
- borehole image logs /
- in situ stress field /
- Huayingshan fault zone /
- Sichuan Basin
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图 1 四川盆地及周缘地质构造与钻孔分布图
红色断裂表示晚更新世—全新世（距今10万～12万年）以来的活动断裂；蓝色表示第四纪活动过但晚更新世以来活动情况不清楚的断裂；1—钻孔L203H57-3；2—钻孔L203H79-4；3—钻孔L206；4—钻孔N203；5—钻孔N213；6—钻孔N215；7—钻孔N217；8—钻孔N224；下图同
Figure 1. Tectonics and borehole distribution in Sichuan Basin and its environs
The red color indicates active faults since the Late Pleistocene-Holocene (100,000 to 120,000 years ago); the blue color indicates faults that have been active in the Quaternary period but have not been well understood since the Late Pleistocene. 1—Borehole L203H57-3; 2—Borehole L203H79-4; 3—Borehole L206; 4—Borehole N205; 5—Borehole N213; 6—Borehole N215; 7—Borehole N217; 8—Borehole N224.
图 2 华蓥山断裂带南段AA′、BB′地震解释剖面（剖面位置见图1）
Figure 2. AA′, BB′ Seismic interpretation profile of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone (The position of the measuring line is shown in Fig. 1)
图 3 动态电阻率成像测井图
a—钻孔崩落；b—轴向（垂直）钻孔诱发张裂缝；c—横向钻孔诱发张裂缝
Figure 3. Dynamic resistivity imaging logging
(a) Borehole breakouts; (b) Axial (vertical) drilling-induced tensile fractures; (c) Transverse drilling-induced tensile fractures
图 4 华蓥山断裂带南段中部地区钻孔的诱发张裂缝数量、方位与测量深度散点图
Figure 4. The number, orientation, and measurement depth of drilling-induced tensile fractures in boreholes drilled in the central area of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone
图 5 L206钻孔2个深度段的裂缝方位角玫瑰图
a—3700～3805 m深度段；b—3805～3925 m深度段
Figure 5. Rose diagram of the azimuth at two depths in borehole L206
（a）3700～3805 m depth; （b）3805～3925 m depth
图 6 华蓥山断裂带南段南部钻孔的诱发张裂缝方位、钻孔崩落方位与测量深度散点图
Figure 6. The number, orientation, and measurement depth of drilling-induced tensile fractures in boreholes drilled in the southern area of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone
图 7 N217钻孔3个深度的裂缝方位角玫瑰图
a—2615～2705 m深度段；b—2705～2810 m深度段；c—2810～2900 m深度段
Figure 7. Rose diagram of the azimuth at three depths in borehole L217
（a）2615～2705 m depth; （b）2705～2810 m depth; （c）2810～2900 m depth
图 8 四川盆地及其邻近地区的地应力数据分布图（WSM最大水平主应力数据来自Heidbach et al.，2018；GPS数据来源于中国地震台网中心国家地震科学数据中心http://data.earthquake.cn）
Figure 8. Crustal stress data distribution in the Sichuan Basin (The WSM maximum horizontal principal stress data are from Heidbach et al., 2018; The GPS dataset is provided by the China Earthquake Networks Center, National Earthquake Data Center (http://data.earthquake.cn))
图 9 四川盆地重力异常图（据熊小松等，2015修改）
Figure 9. Gravity anomaly in the Sichuan Basin (modified from Xiong et al., 2015)
图 10 华蓥山断裂带南段东侧构造背景图
Figure 10. Tectonic background on the eastern side of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone
图 11 华蓥山南段浅缘地震的震源机制解（震源机制解数据来自易桂喜等， 2019；胡幸平等，2021；李翠平等，2022；李欣蔚等，2022）
Figure 11. Focal mechanism solution of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone (The focal mechanism data are from Yi et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022)
表 1 四川盆地华蓥山断裂带南段中部地区钻孔测井成像数据分析的应力指标（质量等级以钻孔诱发张裂缝为评判标准）
Table 1. Stress index form analysis of image log data from the central part of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone in Sichuan Basin (The quality level was evaluated based on drilling-induced tensile fractures)
钻孔编号 总深度/m 选取段/m 诱发张裂缝/条 崩落/段 DITF优势方位 BO优势方位 平均最大主应力方向 解释质量等级 L203H57-3 3343.6～3777.2 3607.2～3743.8 108 — 70°～80°/250°～260° — 75°/255° B L203H79-4 3621.3～3879.9 3706.0～3778.8 32 — 80°～90°/260°～270° — 70°/250° C L206 3570.0～4085.0 3705.0～3912.0 127 — 80°～90°/260°～270° — 77°/257° B 注：平均方位角和质量排名是根据世界应力图（Heidbach et al., 2018）统计得出；世界应力图质量分级系统分为A级—E级，A级数据质量表明最大水平主应力（SH）方向的精确度在15°以内，B级表示其精确度在15°～20°，C级表示其精确度在20°～25°，D级表示其精确度在25°～40°，E级表示数据不完整、不可靠或精确度>40°；DITF—钻孔诱发张裂缝；BO—钻孔崩落 Notes: The average azimuth and quality ranking were calculated using the world stress map (Heidbach et al., 2018)；The world stress map divides the data quality into A to E levels；Level A indicates an SHmax accuracy within 15°; Level B indicates an SHmax accuracy of 15°—20°; Level C indicates an SHmax accuracy of 20°—25°; Level D indicates an SHmax accuracy of 25°—40°; Level E indicates incomplete, unreliable, or accurate data of >40°. DITF—drilling-induced tensile fractures; BO—borehole breakouts. 
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表 2 四川盆地华蓥山断裂带南段南部地区钻孔测井成像数据分析的应力指标（质量等级以钻孔诱发张裂缝为评判标准）
Table 2. Stress index form analysis of image log data from the southern part of the southern section of the Huayingshan fault zone in Sichuan Basin (The quality level was evaluated based on the drilling-induced tensile fractures)
钻孔编号 总深度/m 选取段/m 诱发张裂缝/条 崩落/段 DITF优势方位 BO优势方位 平均最大主应力方向 解释质量等级 N203 2314.5～2428.2 2351.6～2398.0 14 7 100°～110°/280°～290° 20°～30°/200°～210° 111°/291° C N213 2155.3～2617.1 2119～2190 — 3 — 10°～20°/190°～200° 112°/292° D N215 2133.9～2546.1 2134.2～2420.0 130 13 70°～80°/250°～260° 0°～10°/180°～190° 81°/261° B N217 2618.9～2984.9 2626.6～2866.0 307 8 100°～110°/280°～290° 20°～30°/200°～210° 97°/277° A N224 1925～2335 1957～2189 — 5 — 10°～20°/190°～200° 104°/284° C 注：平均方位角和质量排名是根据世界应力图（Heidbach et al.，2018）统计得出；世界应力图质量分级系统分为A级—E级，A级数据质量表明最大水平主应力（SH）方向的精确度在15°以内，B级表示其精确度在15°～20°，C级表示其精确度在20°～25°，D级表示其精确度在25°～40°，E级表示数据不完整、不可靠或精确度>40°；DITF—钻孔诱发张裂缝；BO—钻孔崩落 Notes: The average azimuth and quality ranking were calculated using the world stress map (Heidbach et al., 2018)； The world stress map divides the data quality into A to E levels. Level A indicates an SHmax accuracy within 15°; Level B indicates an SHmax accuracy of 15°—20°; Level C indicates an SHmax accuracy of 20°—25°; Level D indicates an SHmax accuracy of 25°—40°; Level E indicates incomplete, unreliable, or accurate data of >40°; DITF—drilling-induced tensile fractures; BO—borehole breakouts.
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