Seismic facies and sedimentary distribution characteristics of the Upper Carboniferous in the Ounan Depression, eastern Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 柴达木盆地东部欧南凹陷石炭系是新区、新层系油气勘探重点区域，钻井和露头揭示平面上上石炭统沉积特征差异大，沉积相展布特征认识不清，影响着柴东地区上石炭统油气勘探的部署。文章利用欧南凹陷二维地震资料，分析其地震反射内部结构和外部几何形态特征，在欧南凹陷上石炭统内共识别出平行席状地震相、亚平行席状地震相、丘状地震相、楔状地震相、斜交前积地震相和杂乱状地震相6种，并对其特征进行了详细的描述，建立了欧南凹陷上石炭统地震相的平面组合图；综合区域地质资料、露头、测井和地震资料，在地震沉积学和大陆架沉积理论的指导下，建立了欧南凹陷上石炭统地震相与沉积相之间的联系，并预测了其沉积相的展布特征。研究结果表明，上石炭世欧南凹陷由东向西依次发育河流−三角洲平原沉积体系、三角洲前缘沉积体系和前三角洲−深水陆棚沉积体系。Abstract:
Objective The Carboniferous system of the Ounan Depression in the eastern Qaidam Basin is a key area for oil and gas exploration in new regions and strata. Drilling and outcrops reveal significant differences in the sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Carboniferous strata across the plane. Previous research, mainly based on outcrop and drilling data, has focused on longitudinal sedimentary evolution and the overall sedimentary background, leaving the distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies unclear. This uncertainty affects the deployment of oil and gas exploration in the Upper Carboniferous of the eastern Qaidam Basin. Methods The article focuses on the Upper Carboniferous strata of the Ounan Depression. It predicts the distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies under the guidance of sedimentary model theory using a limited amount of drilling data and 2D seismic data. Utilizing 2D seismic data from the Ounan Depression, it also conducts a detailed study of the internal structure and external geometric features of seismic reflections using seismic facies identification technology. Results The comprehensive study identifies six types of seismic facies within the Upper Carboniferous of the Ounan Depression: parallel sheet, sub-parallel sheet, mounded, wedge-shaped, oblique foreset, and chaotic. A planar assemblage map of the seismic facies was developed. By integrating regional geological data, outcrops, well logs, and seismic data, and under the guidance of seismic sedimentology and continental shelf sedimentation theory, the relationship between seismic facies and sedimentary facies in the Upper Carboniferous of the Ounan Depression was established, and the distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies in the study area were predicted. Conclusion The results indicate significant differences between the seismic facies in the western and eastern regions of the Ounan Depression. Overall, the western part exhibits lower frequency and more continuous phases compared to the eastern region; the western region also has greater monolayer thickness and a more stable sedimentary environment. From east to west, the Ounan Depression develops a sequential fluvial-delta plain sedimentary system, delta front sedimentary system, and prodelta–deep water shelf sedimentary system. Significance The research findings provide a scientific basis for predicting favorable reservoir distribution areas and deploying exploration targets for Carboniferous oil and gas exploration in the eastern region of the Qaidam Basin. -
Key words:
- seismic facies /
- sedimentary facies /
- Ounan Depression /
- Upper Carboniferous /
- Qaidam Basin
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图 1 柴达木盆地东部构造单元划分图（据刘成林等，2021；Wei et al.，2021修改）
Figure 1. Map of the structural unit divisions of the eastern Qaidam Basin (modified after Liu et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2021)
图 2 欧南凹陷上石炭统主要地震相类型
Figure 2. Main seismic facies types of Upper Carboniferous in the Ounan Depression
图 3 柴东欧南凹陷上石炭统地震相平面组合图
Figure 3. Seismic facies plane assemblage of the Upper Carboniferous in the Ounan Depression
图 4 840031测线上石炭统顶地层拉平图
a—地震图；b—瞬时频率属性图；c—瞬时相位属性图
Figure 4. The flattening attribute map of the upper carboniferous strata along line 840031
(a) The seismic map; (b) The instantaneous frequency attribute map; (c) The instantaneous phase attribute map
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