The initial time of the Fen–Wei graben system: Constraints from geochronology of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes in the Zhongtiaoshan Mountains
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摘要:
汾渭地堑系是华北克拉通中部新生代一条重要的张性断陷带，以往研究成果主要集中在其形成过程及动力学机制方面，但对其开启时限的研究由于缺乏定量的测年对象，一直悬而未解。此次研究在汾渭地堑系相邻的中条山奇峰一带发现了一系列不规则状的花岗斑岩岩脉。对该套花岗斑岩岩脉的测年结果表明，其年龄序列主要集中在1769.8±8.7 Ma和69.14±0.85 Ma两个阶段，前者与熊耳群火山岩的主体年龄一致，代表了继承性锆石的特点，后者代表了花岗斑岩岩脉的形成年龄。奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉样品的Ga/Al均大于2.6，表现富硅、碱、钾，贫钙，高镁的特点，稀土元素中轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损，具有A型花岗岩的特点，形成于拉张的构造背景下。结合区域地质背景认为，该套花岗斑岩岩脉指示了汾渭地堑系南段开启的时限，研究成果为汾渭地堑系的开启时限提供了新的证据。
Abstract:The Fen–Wei graben system is an essential Cenozoic extensional fault–depression belt in the central part of the North China craton. Previous research achievements mainly focused on its formation process and dynamic mechanism, but the initial time has been unresolved due to the lack of quantitative dating objects. This paper first reports the granite porphyry dikes in the andesite of the Majiahe formation in the Xionger group of the Zhongtiaoshan orogenic belt adjacent to the Fen–Wei graben system. The dating results of the granite porphyry dikes indicate that the age sequence concentrates mainly in two stages, 1769.8 ± 8.7 Ma and 69.14 ± 0.85 Ma. The former is consistent with the primary age of the volcanic rocks of the Xionger group, representing the characteristics of inherited zircons, and the latter represents the formation age of the granite porphyry dikes. The Ga/Al value ratios of granite porphyry dikes of the Qifeng samples are all greater than 2.6, characterized by enriched silicon, alkali, potassium, depleted calcium, and high magnesium. The rare earth elements are enriched in light and depleted in heavy rare earth elements. The Qifeng granite porphyrite dikes are I-type granites, indicating that the tectonic setting is extensional. The research provides new evidence for the initial time of the southern part of Fenwei graben in the Cenozoic.
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图 2 奇峰花岗斑岩及邻区区域地质图
Figure 2. Regional geologic map of the Qifeng granite porphyry and adjacent areas
图 3 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉露头及镜下典型照片
Pl—斜长石； Q—石英a—花岗斑岩岩脉野外照片；b—花岗斑岩岩脉镜下照片
Figure 3. Field and microscopic photographs of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
(a) Field photograph of granite porphyry dikes; (b) Microscopic photograph of granite porphyry dikes Pl–plagioclase
图 4 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉典型阴极发光照片
Figure 4. Typical cathodoluminescence photos of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
图 5 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉谐和年龄图
a—继承锆石年龄；b—花岗斑岩岩脉年龄
Figure 5. U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
(a) Inherited zircon ages; (b) Granite porphyry dike ages
图 6 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉TAS图解（Middlemost，1994）
IR—碱性—亚碱性界线
Figure 6. Total alkali vs. silica (TAS) diagram ( Middlemost, 1994) for the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
IR– boundary between alkaline and sub-alkaline
图 7 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉SiO2−K2O 图解（Peccerillo and Taylor，1976）
Figure 7. SiO2 vs. K2O diagram (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976) for the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
图 8 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉A/CNK−A/NK图解（Maniar and Piccoli，1989）
Figure 8. A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram for the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes（Maniar and Piccoli,1989）
图 9 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉稀土元素与微量元素特征
a—稀土元素蛛网图（球粒陨石值引自Sun and McDonough，1989）；b—微量元素配分图
Figure 9. Characterization of rare earth elements and trace elements in the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
(a) Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (chondrite values from Sun and McDonough,1989); (b) Partition diagram of trace elements
图 10 A型花岗岩判别图解（Whalen et al.，1987）
Figure 10. Discrimination diagrams of the A‐type granite (Whalen et al., 1987)
图 11 构造环境判别图解
①—地幔斜长花岗岩；②—破坏性活动板块边缘（板块碰撞前）花岗岩；③—板块碰撞后隆起期花岗岩；④—晚造期花岗岩；⑤—非造山区A型花岗岩；⑥—同碰撞(S型)花岗岩；⑦—造山期后A型花岗岩a—R1−R2图解｛底图据 Batchelor and Bowden，1985；R1=1000×[4Si−11(Na+K)−2(Fe+Ti)]；R2=1000×(6Ca−2Mg+Al)｝；b—Rb−Y+Nb图解（底图据 Pearce et al.，1984）
Figure 11. Tectonic discrimination digrams
(a) R1 vs. R2 diagram (base map from Batchelor and Bowden, 1985; R1=1000×[4Si−11(Na+K)−2(Fe+Ti)], R2=1000×(6Ca−2Mg+Al)); (b) Rb vs. Y+Nb diagram (base map from Pearce et al., 1984) ① mantle plagioclase granite; ② destructively active plate margin (pre-collision) granite; ③ post-collision uplift granite; ④ late orogenic granite; ⑤ non-mountain-forming A-type granite; ⑥ Syn-COLG granite; ⑦ post orogenic A-type granite
表 1 中条山奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄统计表
Table 1. Zircon U–Pb ages of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes in the Zhongtiaoshan Mountains
样点 元素含量与比值 年龄/Ma Pb/×10−6 U/×10−6 Th/U 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 1σ 208Pb/232Th 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ HB109-01 76 2175 0.80 0.0771 0.0056 0.0111 0.0002 75 5 71 1 HB109-02 109 3280 0.78 0.0831 0.0041 0.0109 0.0002 81 4 70 1 HB109-03 17 35 1.29 4.5705 0.1276 0.3197 0.0042 1744 23 1788 20 HB109-04 49 99 1.24 4.5763 0.0785 0.3163 0.0030 1745 14 1771 15 HB109-05 16 35 1.12 4.6420 0.1306 0.3227 0.0052 1757 24 1803 25 HB109-06 33 963 0.76 0.0775 0.0061 0.0106 0.0003 76 6 68 2 HB109-07 197 5478 0.90 0.0737 0.0038 0.0108 0.0002 72 4 69 1 HB109-08 50 110 0.98 4.6438 0.0862 0.3158 0.0030 1757 16 1769 15 HB109-09 17 38 0.87 4.6591 0.1295 0.3177 0.0042 1760 23 1778 20 HB109-10 18 37 1.27 4.6675 0.1179 0.3156 0.0036 1761 21 1768 18 HB109-11 3 19 1.16 0.0613 0.0056 0.0110 0.0003 60 5 70 2 HB109-12 33 69 1.19 4.6763 0.1037 0.3127 0.0036 1763 19 1754 18 HB109-13 17 35 1.20 4.7256 0.1494 0.3151 0.0047 1772 26 1766 23 HB109-14 16 34 1.05 4.8055 0.1302 0.3217 0.0042 1786 23 1798 21 HB109-15 7 509 0.84 0.0649 0.0079 0.0108 0.0004 64 8 70 3 HB109-16 140 4085 0.82 0.0789 0.0061 0.0108 0.0002 77 6 69 1 HB109-17 8 734 0.33 0.0685 0.0037 0.0104 0.0002 67 3 67 1 HB109-18 9 605 0.59 0.0749 0.0045 0.0111 0.0002 73 4 71 2 HB109-19 11 23 1.09 4.5366 0.1587 0.3086 0.0042 1738 29 1734 21 HB109-20 125 24169 0.16 0.0686 0.0022 0.0106 0.0003 67 2 68 2 HB109-21 10 1726 0.23 0.0690 0.0064 0.0106 0.0004 68 6 68 2 HB109-22 12 2019 0.18 0.0705 0.0024 0.0109 0.0004 69 2 70 2 
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表 2 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉主量元素含量/%
Table 2. Principal element contents (w%) of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
QF-1-1 QF-1-2 QF-1-3 QF-1-4 QF-1-5 SiO2 71.87 72.80 71.99 72.35 72.70 Al2O3 8.53 8.06 8.88 8.55 8.48 FeO 3.35 3.88 3.16 3.17 3.64 MgO 2.46 2.87 2.92 2.90 2.51 CaO 4.45 2.50 2.73 2.76 3.88 Na2O 2.92 2.38 2.98 2.37 2.91 K2O 3.31 4.38 4.55 4.48 4.78 MnO 0.22 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.21 P2O5 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11 TiO2 0.14 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.35 LOI 1.76 1.28 1.39 1.42 0.67 TAL 99.06 98.59 99.09 98.44 100.25 A/CNK 1.07 1.02 1.02 1.08 1.05 Mg# 0.44 0.55 0.71 0.68 0.73
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表 3 奇峰花岗斑岩岩脉稀土与微量元素含量/×10−6
Table 3. Rare earth and trace element composotions (w%) of the Qifeng granite porphyry dikes
QF-1-1 QF-1-2 QF-1-3 QF-1-4 QF-1-5 La 7.46 7.65 8.26 5.71 11.64 Ce 14.44 19.60 20.34 14.16 23.40 Pr 1.85 2.20 2.36 1.96 3.02 Nd 8.11 10.06 10.38 9.03 13.09 Sm 2.48 2.48 2.28 2.19 2.80 Eu 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.68 0.89 Gd 1.81 2.28 2.16 1.93 2.64 Tb 0.27 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.45 Dy 1.45 2.43 2.18 2.01 2.68 Ho 0.24 0.47 0.43 0.38 0.53 Er 0.55 1.26 1.16 1.08 1.40 Tm 0.09 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.25 Yb 0.57 1.47 1.26 1.29 1.54 Lu 0.07 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.23 Y 8.64 13.49 11.97 12.11 14.48 LREE 34.47 42.75 44.35 33.73 54.83 HREE 8.36 8.73 7.96 7.40 9.73 δEu 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.98 δCe 0.91 1.14 1.09 1.02 0.93 REE 54.47 64.96 64.29 53.24 79.04 (La/Yb)N 3.21 3.50 4.42 2.99 5.09 (La/Sm)N 2.50 1.94 2.27 1.64 2.62 Ba 2782.40 13293.66 6010.51 17958.84 2069.59 Cr 13.49 23.66 22.56 25.14 25.72 Cs 0.47 1.06 1.11 1.04 1.19 Ga 4.52 6.87 6.82 6.91 8.88 Hf 0.79 3.88 3.94 3.79 3.65 Nb 3.40 3.05 4.04 3.05 6.14 Pb 3.04 3.41 4.11 2.86 3.91 Rb 37.36 40.78 42.31 40.62 46.22 Sr 81.17 199.24 69.65 285.01 38.35 Ta 0.04 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.19 Th 0.28 0.70 1.33 1.60 1.94 U 0.86 1.30 1.54 1.23 1.76 Zr 123.31 127.93 125.35 127.25 122.86
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