The tunnel damage effects and implications of the coseismic rupture of the Menyuan MS 6.9 Earthquake in Qinghai, China
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摘要: 2022年1月8日青海省门源发生MS 6.9地震，导致兰新高铁大梁隧道发生严重变形破坏。综合野外调查资料、InSAR地表变形数据及轨道控制网（CPⅢ）监测结果等，深入研究了青海门源MS 6.9地震同震破裂带对兰新高铁大梁隧道造成的变形破坏特征。结果表明，海原断裂带冷龙岭−托莱山断裂段为此次地震的发震断裂，并形成长约21.5 km的同震地表破裂，变形性质以左旋走滑为主，地表的最大左旋位移约为3.1 m。同震破裂带在穿过大梁隧道部位时，导致隧道工程发生严重损坏，最严重的变形破坏集中出现在主破裂带两侧各60 m范围内。对比隧道变形量观测结果和同震地表破裂变形特征可知，隧道区跨断裂的最大垂直位移约为91.6 cm，最大左旋位错量约为2.88 m，冷龙岭断裂与大梁隧道夹角约为60°，经换算后对应的发震断裂最大左旋位错量约为3.08 m，指示同震地表破裂的最大走滑位错量与穿过隧道的断裂最大位错量基本一致，表明隧道工程在显著的同震变形中难以起到抗断作用。此次研究成果可为类似穿越活动断裂带的铁路工程规划建设及震害防治提供科学参考与借鉴。
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关键词:
- 门源地震 /
- 兰新高铁大梁隧道 /
- 海原断裂带冷龙岭−托莱山段 /
- 同震地表破裂 /
- 铁路隧道震害
Abstract: On January 8, 2022, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake occurred in Menyuan County, Qinghai Province, causing severe deformation and damage to the Da Liang Tunnel of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway, which is the first railway tunnel project broken by strike-slip earthquake in China. Through comprehensive analysis of field investigation data, InSAR surface deformation data, and monitoring results from the track control network (CPⅢ), this study delves into the characteristics of deformation and damage caused by the coseismic rupture zone of the Menyuan MS 6.9 earthquake on the Daliang Tunnel. The results indicate that the Haiyuan Fault Zone's Lenglongling–Tuolaishan fault segment is the seismogenic fault for this earthquake, forming a coseismic surface rupture zone approximately 21.5 km long. The dominant deformation nature is left-lateral strike-slip, with a maximum left-lateral displacement of about 3.1 m. As the coseismic rupture zone intersects the Daliang Tunnel, it severely damages the tunnel structure, with the most intense deformation and damage concentrated within 60 m on either side of the central rupture zone. Comparing the observed tunnel deformation with the characteristics of coseismic surface rupture deformation, it is evident that the maximum vertical displacement across the fault zone in the tunnel area is approximately 91.6 cm, with a maximum left-lateral offset of about 2.88 m. The angle between the Lenglongling fault and the Daliang Tunnel is approximately 60°, and the calculated maximum left-lateral offset of the seismogenic fault is about 3.08 m. This indicates a close alignment between the maximum slip offset from coseismic surface rupture and the fault's maximum offset across the tunnel, suggesting that the tunnel structure struggles to resist significant coseismic deformations. The findings of this study can serve as a scientific reference for the planning, construction, and seismic damage prevention of railway projects crossing active fault zones. -
图 1 兰新高铁大梁隧道位置和区域主要活动断裂分布图
Figure 1. Map of the location of the Daliang Tunnel and the distribution of major active faults in the area
图 2 青海门源MS 6.9地震同震地表破裂带分布图
Figure 2. Distribution map of the coseismic surface rupture zones for the Menyuan MS 6.9 Earthquake in Qinghai
图 3 海原断裂带冷龙岭—托莱山断裂段同震地表破裂（具体位置见图2）
a—铁丝网围栏左旋错位；b—地表破裂形成的地震陡坎；c—张裂缝；d—左阶雁行状挤压鼓包
Figure 3. Coseismic surface ruptures of the Lenglongling–Tuolaishan fault in the Haiyuan fault zone (The location is shown in Fig. 2)
(a) Left-lateral displacement of wire mesh fence; (b) Seismic scarp formed by surface rupture; (c) Tensile crack; (d) left echelon compressional bulge
图 4 门源地震D-InSAR地表形变特征
破裂带附近地表破裂或相对滑动剧烈，形成一定宽度的低相干区域，做掩膜处理
Figure 4. D-InSAR surface deformation map of the Menyuan earthquake The surface rupture or relative slide near the fracture zone is severe, forming a low coherence area of a certain width, and masking is performed.
图 5 发震断裂大角度切穿大梁隧道
Figure 5. The seismogenic fault cutting through the Daliang tunnel at a large angle
图 6 切穿大梁隧道的同震断裂及其破坏效应
a—隧道断裂处云俯视图；b—隧道被断裂左旋错动实景（镜向北）
Figure 6. Coseismic fault cutting through the Daliang tunnel and its failure effect
(a) Top view of the tunnel rupture zone; (b) Actual scene of the tunnel subjected to left-lateral offset from the rupture (view facing north)
图 7 K1971+691—K1972+088（隧道出口）里程段的同震破坏效应
a—道床板隆起变形；b—隧道拱顶挤压破裂
Figure 7. Coseismic failure effect of the section from K1971+691 to K1972+088 (tunnel exit)
(a) Deformation with uplift of the bed plate; (b) Compression rupture on the tunnel arch
图 8 大梁隧道线路CPⅢ平面变形量分布规律图
“+”为向隧道右侧（即北东东方向）位移；“−”为向隧道左侧（南西西方向）位移a—线路左侧（即隧道轴线西侧壁）CPⅢ平面变形量分布规律图；b—线路右侧（即隧道轴线东侧壁）CPⅢ平面变形量分布规律图
Figure 8. Distribution of CPⅢ plane deformation of the Daliang tunnel line
(a) Distribution of CPⅢ plane deformation on the left side of the line (the west side wall of the tunnel axis); (b) Distribution of CPⅢ plane deformation on the right side of the line (the eastern side wall of the tunnel axis) "+" indicates displacement towards the right side of the tunnel (north-east direction), and "−" indicates displacement towards the left side of the tunnel (south-west direction).
图 9 大梁隧道线路CPⅢ高程变形量分布规律图
“+”表示抬升量；“−”表示沉降量a—线路左侧（即隧道轴线西侧壁）CPⅢ高程变形量分布规律图；b—线路右侧（即隧道轴线东侧壁）CPⅢ高程变形量分布规律图
Figure 9. Distribution law of CPⅢ elevation deformation of the Daliang tunnel line
(a) Distribution of CPⅢ elevation deformation on the left side of the line (the west side wall of the tunnel axis); (b) Distribution of CPⅢ elevation deformation on the right side of the line (the eastern side wall of the tunnel axis) "+" represents uplift, and "−" represents subsidence.
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