Discovery of Permian tuff from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and its geological implications
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摘要:
柴达木盆地北缘地区是否存在早二叠世沉积记录依旧是一个悬而未决的问题。现有区域地质资料普遍认为二叠系并未沉积或已完全被剥蚀。这分歧起源于对现有的古生物化石形成年代认识的不同。此次研究对柴达木盆地北缘东段旺尕秀地区的石炭系克鲁克组和扎布萨尕秀组开展详细的野外地质调查和剖面实测工作，在东大沟剖面扎布萨尕秀组底部鉴别出数层凝灰岩，并采集锆石U-Pb年代学样品。通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年，首次获得295±2 Ma(MSWD=0.035)的高质量年代学数据。此次发表的数据，明确了柴达木盆地北缘早二叠世沉积地层的存在。该研究成果为后续柴达木二叠系含油气系统勘探提供了重要的基础地质资料支撑，并为今后开展石炭纪—二叠纪全球气候变化、海平面升降等方面的研究工作提供了重要的年代学约束。
Abstract:Whether the Permian sedimentary records are still preserved in the northern Qaidam Basin is an open issue with various viewpoints. Most regional geological correlations imply that those Permian successions have been wholly eroded or that there is no Permian deposition in this area. These arguments were partly derived from the contrasting interpretations of the age of the fossils obtained from the Zhabusagaxiu formation. Other scholars consider that the lower unit of the Zhabusagaxiu formation, composed of alternating sandstone, mudstone, and limestone, belongs to the Carboniferous. In contrast, its upper limestone member should be assigned an early Permian sedimentary age, hinting that Permian successions are preserved in the northern Qaidam Basin. Therefore, it is still unclear whether the Permian sedimentary records are still preserved in the northern Qaidam Basin. In this study, the Keluke and Zhabusagaxiu formations in the Wanggaxiu-Dongdagou section were investigated in the field and measured in detail, and several volcanic tuff interbeddings were identified. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronological studies were undertaken on zircons retrieved from a collected tuff sample. A high-precision weighted mean age of 295±2 Ma(MSWD=0.035)was obtained for the first time. This firstly reported age estimate solidly constrains the existence of the Permian strata in the northern Qaidam Basin. This clue will provide new insight into the following oil-gas exploration concerning the Permian successions and also provide a crucial limit on the studies of Carboniferous-Permian global climate change and sea level change.
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Key words:
- early Permian /
- Zhabusagaxiu formation /
- zircon geochronology /
- northern Qaidam /
- tuff
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图 1 柴达木盆地北缘区域地质简图(据Sun et al., 2022修改);
a—中国大陆地区大地构造纲要图; b—柴达木盆地东北部区域大地构造简图
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin (modified from Sun et al., 2022)
(a) Sketch tectonic map of mainland China; (b) Geologic map of the northeastern Qaidam Basin
图 2 柴达木盆地北缘典型石炭系—二叠系剖面地层柱状图(剖面位置见图 1；据Sun et al., 2022修改)
Figure 2. Stratigraphic columns for representative sections in the northern Qaidam Basin (The profiles are shown in Fig. 1; modified from Sun et al., 2022)
图 3 旺尕秀地区地质简图及旺尕秀剖面地层剖面简图(据青海省地质矿产局，1991修改)
Figure 3. Simplified geologic map of the Wanggaxiu area and stratigraphic profile of the Wanggaxiu section (modified from Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 1991)
图 4 旺尕秀剖面野外及样品镜下照片
a—旺尕秀剖面扎布萨尕秀组下部岩石组合特征及样品WGXPV1采样位置(红色星号，镜向220°); b、c—镜下照片(正交偏光)
Figure 4. Photos of Wanggaxiu section in the field and samples under microscope
(a) Lithological association of the lower section of the Zhabusagaxiu formation at the Wangaxiu section with a red star showing the position of the Sample WFXPV1, Lens direction 220°; (b and c) Petrology of the Sample WFXPV1 under microscope sing circular polarization
图 5 样品WGXPV1锆石阴极发光照片(黄色为谐和年龄，白色为Th/U值)
Figure 5. Cathodoluminescence photos of the zircons from the sample WGXPV1 (Yellow numbers represent harmonic ages, and white numbers represent Th/U values)
图 6 样品WGXPV1锆石U-Pb年龄结果
a—单颗粒锆石年龄谐和图；b—加权平均年龄图
Figure 6. Zircon U-Pb dating results of the sample WGXPV1
(a) Concordia diagrams showing the results of single-grain zircon U-Pb analyses; (b) Diagram of weighted mean ages
表 1 旺尕秀地区下二叠统凝灰岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素分析数据
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating data of zircons from a tuff of the Lower Permian in the Wanggaxiu area
编号 元素含量/×10-6 Th/U 同位素比值 同位素年龄/Ma Pb Th U 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 谐和度 1 8.1 96.2 124.1 0.8 0.0539 0.0023 0.3489 0.0151 0.0469 0.0011 368 94 304 11 296 7 97% 2 10.1 131.8 155.1 0.8 0.0526 0.0023 0.3365 0.0147 0.0464 0.0011 313 97 295 11 292 7 99% 3 27.3 496.6 372.7 1.3 0.0528 0.0018 0.3398 0.0114 0.0467 0.0010 318 74 297 9 295 6 99% 4 16.1 218.8 240.6 0.9 0.0528 0.0019 0.3423 0.0124 0.0471 0.0011 319 81 299 9 296 6 99% 5 6.8 102.3 98.5 1.0 0.0527 0.0029 0.3377 0.0186 0.0465 0.0011 315 122 295 14 293 7 99% 6 10.5 137.7 158.6 0.9 0.0540 0.0024 0.3490 0.0154 0.0469 0.0011 371 96 304 12 295 7 97% 7 13.5 241.8 193.2 1.3 0.0510 0.0040 0.3263 0.0249 0.0464 0.0013 240 170 287 19 293 8 98% 8 9.9 140.5 143.3 1.0 0.0523 0.0022 0.3410 0.0141 0.0473 0.0011 300 92 298 11 298 7 100% 9 10.8 102.5 172.7 0.6 0.0544 0.0021 0.3527 0.0137 0.0471 0.0011 386 84 307 10 296 6 97% 10 15.9 175.3 249.3 0.7 0.0523 0.0016 0.3367 0.0106 0.0467 0.0010 298 69 295 8 294 6 100% 11 21.5 250.8 332.6 0.8 0.0545 0.0022 0.3512 0.0140 0.0468 0.0011 390 87 306 11 295 6 96% 12 14.4 232.3 200.1 1.2 0.0536 0.0017 0.3468 0.0111 0.0470 0.0010 352 70 302 8 296 6 98% 13 11.5 177.0 163.1 1.1 0.0535 0.0021 0.3467 0.0133 0.0470 0.0011 348 84 302 10 296 6 98% 14 6.4 80.0 96.5 0.8 0.0530 0.0028 0.3409 0.0176 0.0467 0.0011 327 114 298 13 294 7 99% 15 8.3 126.3 120.2 1.1 0.0534 0.0026 0.3427 0.0166 0.0466 0.0011 344 107 299 13 293 7 98% 16 13.9 199.9 208.3 1.0 0.0504 0.0016 0.3260 0.0107 0.0469 0.0010 215 73 287 8 295 6 97% 17 5.9 73.8 91.6 0.8 0.0564 0.0035 0.3653 0.0224 0.0470 0.0012 467 132 316 17 296 7 93% 18 10.2 144.5 153.3 0.9 0.0559 0.0026 0.3614 0.0167 0.0469 0.0011 449 101 313 12 295 7 94% 19 9.0 138.9 133.0 1.0 0.0556 0.0032 0.3570 0.0201 0.0466 0.0011 437 122 310 15 293 7 94% 20 16.1 245.8 234.7 1.0 0.0533 0.0016 0.3450 0.0104 0.0469 0.0010 343 66 301 8 296 6 98% 21 13.7 219.8 199.6 1.1 0.0533 0.0017 0.3439 0.0111 0.0468 0.0010 341 71 300 8 295 6 98% 22 15.3 252.8 218.9 1.2 0.0528 0.0016 0.3422 0.0108 0.0470 0.0010 322 69 299 8 296 6 99% 23 12.0 194.4 172.2 1.1 0.0530 0.0027 0.3429 0.0175 0.0469 0.0011 329 113 299 13 296 7 99% 24 12.9 160.6 198.6 0.8 0.0559 0.0024 0.3595 0.0151 0.0467 0.0011 446 91 312 11 294 7 94% 25 11.8 190.6 169.7 1.1 0.0543 0.0028 0.3506 0.0180 0.0468 0.0011 384 112 305 14 295 7 97% 26 7.7 71.4 125.0 0.6 0.0542 0.0021 0.3514 0.0138 0.0470 0.0011 379 85 306 10 296 6 97% 27 16.9 278.8 242.5 1.1 0.0546 0.0031 0.3520 0.0199 0.0468 0.0011 395 123 306 15 295 7 96% 28 8.7 137.1 124.5 1.1 0.0513 0.0028 0.3330 0.0180 0.0471 0.0011 255 121 292 14 297 7 98% 29 15.6 251.1 223.0 1.1 0.0536 0.0018 0.3459 0.0115 0.0468 0.0010 353 73 302 9 295 6 98% 30 7.1 90.7 109.1 0.8 0.0530 0.0033 0.3429 0.0209 0.0469 0.0012 328 134 299 16 296 7 99% 
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