New progress and trend in ten aspects of lithium exploration practice and theoretical research in China in the past decade
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摘要: 中国锂矿资源丰富，其中盐湖锂矿虽然储量巨大，但开发利用技术尚待发展，目前开发的主要是硬岩型锂矿。硬岩型锂矿以伟晶岩型为主，集中分布在新疆和四川等地；成矿时代以中生代最为重要；成矿背景以强烈造山运动之后相对稳定的构造环境最为有利。经过十年来的勘查实践与理论研究，中国锂矿的类型已不再单一，卤水型从地表卤水扩展到浅部卤水与深部卤水并重，硬岩型从花岗伟晶岩型一枝独秀到蚀变花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、角砾岩筒型、沉积型等多种类型并重；成矿时代从中新生代拓展到古生代等多个期次；成矿区带从12个增加到16个，并在川西的甲基卡、可尔因及新疆的大红柳滩、砂锂沟等地探获了一批新的矿产地，新的资源格局正在形成；找矿方法与勘查技术也从单一的地表踏勘填图发展到遥感定区（远景区）—地质定型（类型）—化探定性（矿种）—物探定位（孔位）—钻探定量（资源量）及生物找矿、深穿透深部探矿等新技术新方法成体系化的新时代。鉴于战略性新兴产业快速发展对于锂资源的刚性需求，建议加强对以锂云母为主要工业矿物的新类型锂资源及以含锂黏土为主的沉积型锂资源的调查研究与开发利用；除了中生代之外，加强对古生代乃至前寒武纪锂矿的研究与找矿；加强阿尔金、喜马拉雅、冈底斯、大兴安岭西坡等新的锂矿成矿区带的勘查力度；加强对市场经济条件下锂资源动态管理的新机制研究；加强对锂同位素作为可控核聚变原材料的超前研究与资源储备，为开发高端矿业作出示范和引领。Abstract: China is rich in lithium resource, among which lithium ore in the Salt Lake has huge reserves, but the development and utilization technology has yet to be developed, and the main target of development is hard-rock lithium ore at present. Hard-rock lithium ore is mainly pegmatitic and concentrated in Xinjiang and Sichuan. The Mesozoic is the most important metallogenic period for pegmatite-type lithium deposits in China. A relatively stable tectonic environment after an orogeny is favored by the formation of pegmatite-type lithium deposits. After a decade of exploration practice and theoretical research, the types of lithium resource in China have shown a great variety. The brine-type lithium resource has expanded from surface brine to both shallow brine and deep brine, and the hard-rock lithium resources from single granitic pegmatite-type to altered granite-type, cryptoexplosion breccia tube-type and sedimentary-type. The metallogenic age has extended from the Meso-Cenozoic to the Paleozoic and other epochs. The metallogenic zones has increased from 12 to 16, and a number of new mineralized areas have been discovered in the Jiajika and Ke’eryin areas in western Sichuan and the Dahongliutan and Shaligou areas in Xinjiang . A new resource pattern of lithium is being formed. Moreover, Prospecting methods and exploration techniques have also developed from single surface prospecting and mapping to an integration of new techniques and methods, e.g., remote sensing to determine the prospective area, geological surveying to determine the type, geochemical prospecting to determine the mineral, geophysical prospecting to determine the location of drilling, drilling to determine the reserves, as well as biological prospecting, deep penetration of the deep exploration. In view of the rigid demand for lithium resources due to the rapid development of strategic emerging industries, it is suggested to strengthen a) the investigation, research, development and utilization of new types of lithium resources with lepidolite as the main industrial mineral and sedimentary-type lithium resources with Li-bearing clay as the main lithium resources; b) the research and prospecting of the Paleozoic and even Precambrian lithium deposits; c) the exploration of new lithium mineralization belts such as Altyn Tagh, Himalaya, Gangdise and western slope of Great Hinggan Mountains; d) the research on new mechanisms of dynamic management of lithium resources under market economy; e) the advanced research and resource reserve on lithium isotope as the raw material of controllable nuclear fusion, for leading the development of high-end mining industry.
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Key words:
- lithium /
- prospecting and exploration /
- theoretical research /
- new progress /
- new tendency
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图 1 中国主要成锂带分布简图（据陈毓川等，2010a，2015；李建康等，2014；王登红等，2020修改）
Figure 1. Distribution of the main lithium metallogenic belts in China（modified after Chen et al., 2010a, 2015; Li et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2020）
图 2 中国锂矿的成矿体系
岩浆期与地壳演化阶段的划分依据程裕淇（1994）；地质时代的绝对年龄依据全国地层委员会（2002）；矿床成矿系列或矿床成矿系列组以编号简称标示，依据陈毓川等（2007），新发现者尚未编号
Figure 2. Lithium mineralization series in China
The division of magmatic and crustal evolution stages refers to Cheng et al., 1994；Absolute geological ages according to National Stratigraphic Commission（2002）；Mineralization series or series groups are marked by abbreviation of serial number （Chen et al., 2007）
图 3 新疆和田县大红柳滩锂矿田509道班西－507锂矿矿产地质图（据梁婷等，2021修改）
1—雪被区；2—第四系冲积物；3—巴颜喀拉山群上组；4—巴颜喀拉山群中组；5—巴颜喀拉山群下组；6—中细粒石英闪长岩；7—黑云母二长花岗岩；8—石英脉；9—未矿化伟晶岩脉；10—矿体及编号；11—矿区范围
Figure 3. Mineral geological map of the Track 509 West－Track 507 lithium deposit in the Dahongliutan ore field in Hetian，Xinjiang（Modified after Liang et al., 2021）
1−Snow area; 2−Quaternary alluvial deposits; 3−Upper Formation of Bayankhara Mountain Group; 4−Middle Formation of Bayankhara Mountain Group; 5−Lower Formation of Bayankhara Mountain Group; 6−Medium-fine grained quartz diorite; 7−Biotite monzogranite; 8−Quartz vein; 9−Unmineralized pegmatite dike; 10−Ore body and number; 11−Scope of mining area
图 4 新疆阿尔金成锂带典型含锂伟晶岩矿石
a—新疆阿尔金砂锂沟矿区锂云母伟晶岩岩心；b—新疆阿尔金塔木切矿区锂辉石伟晶岩手标本；c—新疆阿尔金塔木切矿区锂云母锂电气石伟晶岩
Figure 4. Typical lithium-bearing pegmatite ores in the Altyn Tagh Li-metallogenic belt, Xinjiang
(a) Drilling core of lepidolite pegmatite from the Shaligou deposit；(b) Hand specimen of spodumene pegmatite from the Tamuqie deposit；(c) Hand specimen of lepidolite-elbaite pegmatite from the Tamuqie deposit
表 1 中国成锂带简表
Table 1. Main lithium metallogenic belts in China
编号 成锂带名称 典型矿床 主要成矿时代 相关成矿区带 相关成矿区带名称 构造背景 Li1 阿尔泰锂成矿带 可可托海 海西−燕山期 Ⅲ-01 北阿尔泰稀有−Pb−Zn−Au−白云母−宝石成矿带 阿尔泰造山带 Li2 唐巴勒锂成矿带 合什哈西哈力 Ⅲ-04 唐巴勒−卡拉麦里Cr−Cu−Au−Sn−硫铁矿−
石墨−石棉−水晶成矿带准噶尔地块及周缘造山带 Li3 西天山锂成矿带 沙音图拜 Ⅲ-09 伊犁微板块北东缘（造山带）Au−Cu−Mo−Pb−Zn−Fe−W−Sn−P石墨成矿带 古生代为主造山带 Li4 东天山锂成矿带 镜儿泉 海西−印支期 Ⅲ-08 觉罗塔格−黑鹰山Fe−Cu−Ni−Au−Ag−Mo−W−石膏−硅灰石−膨润土−煤成矿带 多旋回造山带 Li5 西昆仑锂成矿带 大红柳滩 印支–燕山期 Ⅲ-27 西昆仑Fe−Cu−Pb−Zn−RM−REE−硫铁矿−
水晶−白云母−宝玉石成矿带多旋回造山带 Li6 藏北锂成矿带 扎布耶 第四纪 第四纪封闭的高蒸发环境 Li7 柴达木锂成矿带 察尔汗 第四纪 Ⅲ-25 柴达木盆地Li−B−K−Na−Mg−盐类−石膏−
油气成矿区第四纪封闭的高蒸发环境 Li8 松潘−甘孜锂成矿带 甲基卡 印支−燕山期 Ⅲ-30 北巴颜喀拉−马尔康Au−Ni−Pt−Fe−Mn−Pb−Zn−Li−Be−云母成矿带 造山带 Li9 四川盆地锂成矿带 自贡 三叠纪 Ⅲ-74 四川盆地Fe−Cu−Au−石油−天然气−石膏−钙芒硝−盐−煤和煤成气成矿区 凹陷盆地 Li10 秦岭锂成矿带 官坡 加里东期 Ⅲ-66 东秦岭Au−Ag−Mo−Cu−Pb−Zn−Sb−
非金属成矿带多旋回造山带 Li11 潜江凹陷锂锂成矿带 潜江 第三纪 Ⅲ-72 江汉–洞庭（断陷）石膏−盐−石油−天然气成矿区 断陷盆地 Li12 华南锂成矿带 宜春 印支–燕山期
印支–燕山期II-12 华南成矿省 板内多旋回造山带 南平 加里东期 Ⅲ-71 武功山–杭州湾Cu−Pb−Zn−Ag−Au−W−Sn−Nb−Ta−Mn−
海泡石−萤石−硅灰石成矿带Li13 阿尔金成锂带 砂锂沟 加里东期 Ⅲ-19 阿尔金Au−Cu−Cr−Fe−Pb−Zn−石棉−玉石成矿带 多旋回造山带 Li14 冈底斯成锂带 念青唐古拉、羊八井 喜马拉雅期 Ⅲ-42 班戈–腾冲（岩浆弧）Sn−W−Be−Li−Fe−Pb−Zn成矿带 板块缝合带两侧 Li15 喜马拉雅成锂带 库局 喜马拉雅期 Ⅲ-45 喜马拉雅（造山带）Au−Sb−Fe−白云母成矿带 板内造山带 Li16 大兴安岭西坡成锂带 维拉斯托 燕山晚期 Ⅲ-50 突泉–翁牛特Pb−Zn−Ag−Fe−Sn−REE成矿带 多旋回陆内造山带 注： 此表在李建康等（2014）、陈毓川等（2015）基础上加以补充，相关成矿区带的代号及名称依据徐志刚等（2008）。需要注意到是，单矿种的成矿区带与单矿种综合性成矿区带的范围不完全一致。 
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表 2 中国主要硬岩型锂矿床及相关地质单元的同位素年代数据
Table 2. Isotopic age data of main hard-rock lithium deposits in China
矿床名称 矿床或岩石类型 定年方法 年龄/Ma 参考文献 福建南平 花岗伟晶岩型 K−Ar 364~412 仇年铭和杨岳清，1985 广西恭县栗木 花岗岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 214 杨锋等，2009 河南卢氏南阳山 花岗伟晶岩型 K−Ar 396 陈西京，1976 湖南道县正冲 云英岩型 全岩Rb−Sr 14~153 陈廷愚等，1986；李耀菘等，1986 湖南临武尖峰岭 花岗岩型 K−Ar 167 黄蕴慧等，1988 湖南幕府山断峰山 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 127.7~130.5 李鹏等，2017 湖南幕府山仁里 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 136.6 黄小强等，2021 湖南幕府山 幕府山复式花岗岩体 122~155 转引自李鹏等，2020 湖南白沙窝 花岗伟晶岩型 辉钼矿Re−Os 140 ±6.7 文春华等，2020 江西广昌西港 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 150~160 研究中资料 江西宜春雅山 花岗岩型 K−Ar 131~157 林传仙，1994 江西于都上坪 石英脉型 K−Ar 177 袁忠信和白鸽，2001 陕西宝鸡杨家湾 花岗伟晶岩型 K−Ar 132 陈好寿，1975 四川甲基卡 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 195~199 王登红等，2005；Li et al., 2013 四川甲基卡104号锂辉石伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 195.7 ± 0.1 王登红等，2005 四川甲基卡134号锂辉石伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母 Ar−Ar 198.9 ± 0.4 王登红等，2005 四川甲基卡 二云母花岗岩 锆石U−Pb 223 ± 1 郝雪峰等，2015 四川甲基卡新3号锂辉石伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 铌钽铁矿U−Pb 214 ± 2 郝雪峰等，2015 四川可尔因 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 152~176 李建康等，2007b 四川可尔因 白云母钠长石伟晶岩 白云母 Ar−Ar 159 ± 1 Li et al., 2019 四川可尔因 二云母花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 207 ± 1 Zhao et al., 2019 四川可尔因 黑云母二长花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 206.7~229 赵永久，2007；岳相元等，2019 四川可尔因 石英闪长岩 锆石 U−Pb 206.4~223.8 岳相元等，2019; Zheng et al., 2020 四川可尔因 二云母花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 202~219 研究中资料 四川可尔因党坝 花岗伟晶岩型 锡石U−Pb 199~208 费光春等，2020 四川可尔因李家沟 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石 U−Pb 198 ± 3 Fei et al., 2018 四川可尔因加达 花岗伟晶岩型 铌钽铁矿U−Pb 195~206 研究中资料 四川雪宝顶 石英脉型 白云母 Ar−Ar 195 ± 1 Zhang et al., 2014 四川雪宝顶 伟晶岩 白云母 Ar−Ar 190 ± 2 李建康等，2007a 四川雪宝顶 羊拱海花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 221 ± 4 Zhang et al., 2006 四川扎乌龙 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 236 四川省地矿局，1987 四川扎乌龙14号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母 Ar−Ar 180 ± 2 Li et al., 2019 四川扎乌龙14号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 铌钽铁矿 U−Pb 205 ± 2 Li et al., 2019 四川扎乌龙97号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母 Ar−Ar 174 ± 2 Li et al., 2019 四川扎乌龙 白云母花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 212 ± 5 Li et al., 2019 四川打枪沟 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石 U−Pb 147.5 ± 2.3 胡军亮，2020 青海茶卡北山 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石 U−Pb 217 王秉璋等，2020 青海草陇 花岗伟晶岩型 独居石U−Pb 200~204 李五福等，2021 新疆大红柳滩102号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母 Ar−Ar 187.0 ± 1.1 Li et al., 2019 新疆大红柳滩90号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 铌钽铁矿 U−Pb 211.9 ± 2.4 闫庆贺等，2017；Yan et al., 2018 新疆大红柳滩90号伟晶岩 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母 Ar−Ar 189.4 ± 1.1 Li et al., 2019 新疆大红柳滩 二云母花岗岩 锆石 U−Pb 217~220 乔耿彪等，2020 新疆大喀拉苏 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 248 王登红等，2002 新疆镜儿泉 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 243 陈郑辉等，2006 新疆柯鲁木特 花岗伟晶岩型 K−Ar 198~220 邹天人等，1980 新疆可可托海 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 178~182 王登红等，2002 新疆塔拉提 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 385.9 ± 3.5 Lv et al.，2018 新疆阿木拉宫 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 358.3 ±4.6 Lv et al.，2018 新疆拜城 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 275.5 ± 4.2 任宝琴等，2011; 张辉等，2019 新疆小喀拉苏 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 241.5+3.1 张辉等，2019 新疆磨什尕 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 249+2.9 张辉等，2019 新疆萨尔加克 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 252.7 ± 2.1 张辉等，2019 新疆切木尔切克 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 253.5 ± 3.2 张辉等，2019 新疆库儒尔特 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 180.7±0.5 任宝琴等，2011; 张辉等，2019 新疆小虎斯特 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 190.6±1.2 任宝琴等，2011; 张辉等，2019 新疆佳木开 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 199.1±1.0 任宝琴等，2011; 张辉等，2019 新疆卡鲁安 花岗伟晶岩型 铌铁矿、锆石U−Pb 198~223 马占龙等，2015; Feng et al.，2019 新疆库卡拉盖 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 211.3 ± 2.4 马占龙等，2015 新疆别也萨麻斯 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 157.2±0.5 吕正航等，2015 新疆蒙库喀拉苏 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 252~268 邹天人和李庆昌，2006 新疆阿克塔斯 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 144 ± 4.3 乔耿彪等，2020 新疆505锂矿 花岗伟晶岩型 锡石U−Pb 223.5 ±7.9 彭海练等，2018；李侃等，2019 新疆白龙山 花岗伟晶岩型 钽铁矿U−Pb 208 Wang et al.，2020 新疆砂锂沟 花岗伟晶岩型 白云母Ar−Ar 402~405 研究中资料 新疆吐格曼 花岗伟晶岩型 锆石U−Pb 459.9 ± 3.7 徐兴旺等，2019 新疆吐格曼北 花岗伟晶岩型 锡石、锆石U−Pb 454~468 李杭等，2020 西藏琼嘉岗 花岗伟晶岩型 独居石、铌钽铁矿U−Pb 24~25 赵俊兴等，2021 西藏普士拉 花岗伟晶岩型 锡石、铌钽铁矿U−Pb 23~25 Liu et al., 2020
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表 3 中国主要省（自治区）查明锂矿资源储量、消耗资源储量和保有资源储量一览表（陈毓川等，2015）
Table 3. List of the identified, consumed and retained lithium mineral resources in China (Chen et al., 2015)
省（自治区） 查明资源储量 消耗资源储量 保有资源储量 查明资源储量所占比例/% Li2O/t LiCl/×104 t 折合金属锂/t Li2O/t LiCl/×104 t Li2O/t LiCl/×104 t 折合金属锂/t 新疆 138006 64114 63368 74638 34675 1.07 西藏 822.0 1346341 1 821.0 1344703 22.39 青海 2135.0 3496209 19 2115.0 3464686 58.15 陕西 121 56 121 56 0.00 四川 1259386 2.4 589022 1259386 2.4 589021 9.80 河南 18455 8574 18455 8573 0.14 湖南 350806 162976 350806 162976 2.71 江西 737059 342420 149695 587364 272875 5.70 福建 5004 2325 5004 2324 0.04 合计 2508837 2960.0 6012037 213083 20 2296595 2939.0 5879892 100.00
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表 4 中国主要锂矿床资源信息
Table 4. Resources of the main lithium deposits in China
矿产地名称 储量规模 平均品位/% 利用情况 锂 铍 铌 钽 Li2O BeO Nb2O5 Ta2O5 江西宜春钽铌锂矿 超大 中 超大 0.389 0.010 0.010 在用 河南卢氏铌钽矿床 中 小 中 0.650 待用 湖北潜江凹陷卤水矿 超大 待用 湖南临武香花铺尖峰山铌钽矿床 大 小 大 0.299 0.012 0.013 未用 湖南道县湘源正冲锂铷多金属矿床 大 0.557 未用 湖南平江传梓源铍钽铌矿床 中 小 中 0.022 0.010 0.007 曾用 云南龙陵黄莲沟铍矿床 中 0.049 曾用 四川金川–马尔康可尔因锂铍矿床 大 中 1.200~1.271 0.040~0.045 在用 四川康定甲基卡锂铍矿床 超大 大 1.203 0.040 在用 四川石渠扎乌龙锂矿 中 1.109 未用 四川金川县李家沟 超大型 1.300 在用 青海柴达木一里坪盐湖锂矿 大 LiCl，2.20 g/L 在用 青海柴达木东台吉乃盐湖锂矿床 超大 LiCl，2.57 g/L 在用 青海柴达木西台吉乃盐湖锂矿床 大 LiCl，3.12 g/L 在用 西藏扎布耶盐湖锂矿 超大 在用 新疆富蕴可可托海锂铍铌钽矿床 大 超大 小 中 0.982 0.051 0.006 0.024 已用 新疆富蕴柯鲁木特锂铍铌钽矿床 中 中 小 中 0.987 0.049 0.026 0.011 停用 新疆福海库卡拉盖锂矿床 中 1.100 未用 注：据陈毓川等（2015）补充；其中，四川金川县李家沟经四川省地质矿产勘查开发局化探队补充勘探后，由四川省矿产资源储量评审中心评审认定新增Li2O资源储量为51.22×104 t
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表 5 中国锂矿主要预测类型
Table 5. Main predicted lithium resource types in China
预测类型 矿床式 大地构造分区 成矿区带 含矿岩系 矿床成因 矿床规模 成矿时代 共生矿产 预测要素 伟晶岩型 可可托海式 哈龙早古生代岩浆弧 北阿尔泰成矿带 花岗伟晶岩脉 花岗伟晶岩型 中型 C—T Be、Nb、Ta 中生代花岗岩，
伟晶岩脉伟晶岩型 甲基卡式 巴颜喀拉–
松潘造山带北巴颜喀拉−
马尔康成矿带花岗伟晶岩脉 花岗伟晶岩型 超大型 印支晚期 Be、Nb、Ta 印支晚期花岗岩，
伟晶岩脉花岗岩型 宜春式 武功山–
玉华山隆起武功山−
杭州湾成矿带燕山期雅山花岗岩体 花岗岩型 超大型 K1 Nb、Ta 燕山期花岗岩，
蚀变沉积型 柴达木式 柴达木地块 柴达木盆地成矿区 第四纪湖相沉积 盐湖沉积型 超大型 Q K、B 第四纪盐湖 沉积型 扎布耶式 拉萨地块 拉萨地块成矿带 第四纪湖相沉积 盐湖沉积型 大型 Q K、B 第四纪盐湖 沉积型 自贡式 四川盆地 四川盆地成矿区 三叠纪沉积 沉积型 小型 T K、石盐 地下卤水
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