Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic structural style, deformation sequence, and formation process and mechanism of the checkboard structure in the eastern Junggar Basin
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摘要:
自晚古生代以来，准噶尔盆地东部经历了多期陆内变形事件的改造，形成了独特的棋盘状构造，其形成演化是中亚造山带陆内变形的一个缩影，但其形成过程仍处于争议之中。此次研究围绕准噶尔盆地及周缘地区的二叠纪至新生代的构造变形开展研究，结果表明准噶尔盆地东部变形的驱动力主要来自不同板块边缘的相互作用，尤其是来自特提斯构造域的影响。晚二叠世，准噶尔盆地遭受了近东西向的挤压应力改造，盆地整体发生变形，形成了一系列近南北向逆冲断层和褶皱，为准东地区乃至整个盆地的棋盘格构造奠定了基础。早—中侏罗世期间，准噶尔盆地及其周缘地区经历区域性伸展，在盆地东北、西北缘均发育重要的左行张剪性走滑变形，形成了大型的走滑双冲构造。晚侏罗世，准东地区经历近东西向缩短作用，导致了侏罗纪之前的地层再次发生近南北向褶皱，变形的动力则可能来自特提斯构造域的向北作用，使准噶尔盆地经历不同程度顺时针旋转。晚白垩世，准东地区经历近南北向缩短作用，导致了之前的近南北向褶皱和断层褶皱变形，准东的棋盘格构造样式最终定型。新生代晚期，准东地区受到印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影响，但是影响范围和强度相对较小。
Abstract:The eastern Junggar has experienced multistage intra-continental deformations since the late Paleozoic. The checkerboard structure is one of the most notable features of the Junggar Basin, especially the eastern Junggar Basin, and its formation and evolution is a microcosm of the intracontinental deformation within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, it needs to be clarified how and when the checkerboard structure developed within the Junggar Basin. In this study, we focused on Permian-Cenozoic deformations around the Junggar Basin. We proposed that the deformation was mainly driven by plate margin interaction, especially by the Tethys tectonic domain. During the Late Permian, the Junggar Basin experienced the nearly EW-trending compression, which resulted in the overall deformation of the basin and the formation of a series of nearly N-S-trending thrust faults and related folds, laying the foundation for the chessboard structure of the eastern Junggar Basin and even the entire basin. The Junggar Basin and its surrounding basins experienced regional extension during the Early-Middle Jurassic. An important sinistral transtension event occurred in the northeastern and northwestern margins of the basin, forming the large-scale strike-slip duplexes. During the Late Jurassic, the eastern Junggar Basin experienced nearly E-W shortening, which resulted in the nearly N-S-trending folding of the pre-Jurassic strata and further strengthened the original N-S-trending folds and faults. The driving force for the Late Jurassic deformation may result from the Tethys tectonic domain to the south, which also caused a clockwise rotation of the Junggar Basin. During the Late Cretaceous, the eastern Junggar Basin experienced nearly N-S-trending shortening, which led to the deformation of the previous N-S-trending folds and faults and the finalization of the checkerboard structural style. During the late Cenozoic, the eastern Junggar Basin was affected by the far-field effect of the India-Eurasian collision, but the intensity and sphere were relatively weak.
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Key words:
- eastern Junggar /
- Central Asian Orogenic Belt /
- Mesozoic /
- deformation sequence /
- checkboard structure
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图 1 研究区区域地质图
a—中亚造山带地质简图(据Sengör and Natal′in，1996；Jahn et al., 2000修改)；b—新疆北部地区构造简图(据Chen and Jahn, 2004；Xiao et al., 2008修改；AOB—阿尔曼泰蛇绿岩；KOB—卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带；EF—额尔齐斯断裂；KF—卡拉麦里断裂)；c—东准噶尔地区地质简图(据新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局，1993；Xu et al., 2020修改)
Figure 1. Regional geologic map of the study area
(a) Outline of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (modified from Sengör and Natal′in, 1996; Jahn et al., 2000); (b) Simplified tectonic map of Northern Xinjiang (modified from Chen and Jahn, 2004; Xiao et al., 2008; AOB-Armantai ophiolite belt; KOB-Kalamaili ophiolite belt; EF-Erqis fault; KF-Kalamaili fault); (c) Simplified geologic map of the east Junggar area (modified from BGMRXUAR, 1993; Xu et al., 2020)
图 2 卡拉麦里韧性剪切带变形特征
a—不对称石英脉拖尾构造；b—不对称褶皱；c—T型张性脉；d—膝折构造
Figure 2. Deformation characteristics of the Kalamaili ductile shear zone
(a) Asymmetric quartz vein trails; (b) Asymmetric folds; (c) T-shaped extensional veins; (d) Kink structure
图 3 卡拉麦里构造带北侧韧性剪切带及拉伸线理
a—剪切带远景及面理；b—石英拉伸线理
Figure 3. Ductile shear zone and stretching lineation on the north side of the Kalamaili tectonic belt
(a) Distant view of the shear zone and its foliation; (b) Quartz stretching lineation
图 4 准东晚二叠世构造格架及古应力方向
研究中凡是在卡拉麦里造山带区域内的测量位置均为缩短的双箭头所示，而其他区域的双箭头是根据不同阶段地层的褶皱所判断，而非直接测量，图 8、10、11与此相同
Figure 4. Late Permian tectonic framework and paleostress orientation of the eastern Junggar Basin
All the measured positions in the study within the area of the Karameri orogenic belt are shown by the shortened double arrows, while the double arrows in the other areas are determined by the folding of the strata at different stages rather than direct measurements, as in Figures 8, 10 and 11
图 5 卡拉麦里构造带侏罗纪早期张剪断层及其古应力方向
a—断层带远景；b—断层带角砾岩、断层面擦痕及断层面解
Figure 5. Early Jurassic tenso-shear faults and their paleostress orientations in the Kalamaili tectonic belt
(a) Distant view of the tenso-shear faults; (b) Fault breccia, scratch and fault-plane solution
图 6 准噶尔盆地早侏罗世断层与沉积厚度分布
a—准噶尔盆地早侏罗世走滑双冲构造(底图据Wang et al., 2018b)；b—准噶尔盆地中部断层组合与可能的走滑双冲构造解释(底图据李振宏等，2002)
Figure 6. Distribution of fault and sediment thickness in the early Jurassic in the Junggar Basin
(a) Early Jurassic strike-slip duplexes in the Junggar Basin (modified from Wang et al., 2018b); (b) Fault assemblage and interpretation of possible strike-slip duplexes in the central Junggar Basin (modified from Li et al., 2002)
图 7 切割卡拉麦里构造带的走滑断层及古应力方向
a—左行走滑断层带，切割蛇绿混杂岩；b—断层面擦痕及断层面解；c—沙帐断裂地表露头；d—沙帐断裂古应力方向
Figure 7. Strike-slip faults that cut the Kalamaili tectonic belt and their paleostress orientations
(a) Sinistral strike-slip fault belt, cutting the ophiolite mélanges; (b) Fault scratch and fault-plane solution; (c) Outcrops of the Shazhang fault; (d) Paleostress orientation of the Shazhang fault
图 8 准东晚侏罗世构造格架及古应力方向
Figure 8. Late Jurassic tectonic framework and paleostress orientation of the eastern Junggar Basin
图 9 卡拉麦里构造带中切割蛇绿岩的晚期逆冲断层
a—逆冲断层远景；b—断层面及擦痕；c—断层角砾岩；d—断层面解
Figure 9. Late thrust faults cutting the ophiolites in the Kalamaili tectonic belt
(a) Distant view of the thrust faults; (b) Fault plane and scratch; (c)Fault breccias; (d) Fault-plane solution
图 10 准东晚白垩世构造格架及古应力方向
Figure 10. Late Cretaceous tectonic framework and paleostress orientation of the eastern Junggar Basin
图 12 东准噶尔地区晚古生代—新生代构造演化序列
a—晚二叠世陆内调整阶段左行韧性走滑构造；b—早—中侏罗世走滑-伸展构造；c—晚侏罗世脆性左行走滑构造；d—晚白垩世脆性逆冲构造
Figure 12. Late Paleozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution sequence in eastern Junggar Basin
(a) Late Permian left-lateral ductile strike-slip structure; (b) Early-Middle Jurassic strike-slip extensional structure; (c) Late Jurassic brittle left-lateral strike-slip structure; (d) Late Cretaceous brittle thrust structure
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