Drainage divide stability at Wulashan, northern margin of the Ordos block, China: Evidence from the analysis of χ value
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摘要: 分水岭的稳定性蕴含着重要的构造和气候信息，但是对于分水岭稳定性的判别标志目前还存在争议，从而导致对某些地区分水岭的稳定性形成不一致的结论。位于鄂尔多斯北缘的乌拉山分水岭稳定性目前存在两种不同的认识：通过两侧流域形态(袭夺弯、裂点等)分析认为乌拉山分水岭正在向北迁移；通过Gilbert参数对比法认为其处于稳定状态。为了检验乌拉山分水岭的稳定性以及上述各种判定方法的可靠性，研究采用χ值对比法对乌拉山分水岭的稳定性进行了研究。χ值分析揭示：如果设置较低的基准线(海拔1300 m)，则分水岭南侧顶部χ值小于北侧同一高程的χ值；如果设置较高的基准线(约1800 m)，则分水岭两侧的χ值在同一高程基本保持一致。以较高的基准线获得的χ值由于更靠近分水岭而受到块体差异抬升的干扰较小，更能反映分水岭的瞬时稳定性。因此，文章支持乌拉山分水岭处于稳定状态这一认识; 同时文章对判断分水岭稳定性不同方法的局限性进行了讨论。Abstract: The stability of drainage divides carries important tectonic and climatic information. However, there is still no consensus on the criterion for measuring the stability of drainage divides, which may lead to different conclusions. There are two different views on the stability of the divide at the Wulashan horst, northern margin of the Ordos block: The drainage divide is moving northward, according to the comparison of drainage-basin morphology (such as elbows of capture, knick points); The drainage divide remains stable, according to the comparison of Gilbert metrics. In this study, we used the χ-plot method to check both the stability of the Wulashan drainage divide and the reliability of the above methods. The analysis shows that the χ value at the top of the northern side is higher than that at the same elevation of the southern side if a lower baseline was set (1300 m a.s.l.); If a higher baseline (~1800 m a.s.l.) is set, the χ values on both sides of the divide are the same at the same elevation. Because the tilting has relatively less influence, the χ-plot with a higher baseline is more representative of the drainage divide stability. In summary, the result supports the view that the drainage divide at the Wulashan horst is at a steady state. Moreover, we discussed the limitations of the methods in measuring the stability of drainage divides.
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Key words:
- drainage divide /
- Wulashan horst /
- χ value /
- tilting
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图 1 乌拉山构造位置及地质图
a—乌拉山构造位置图；b—乌拉山地质图
Figure 1. Structural location and geological map of the Wulashan horst
(a) Location of the Wulashan horst; (b) Geological map of the Wulashan horst
图 2 分水岭不稳定与稳定状态的高程- χ值剖面示意图(据Zhou et al., 2022b修改)
a—构造掀斜开始时，分水岭处于不稳定状态，抬升速率快的一侧成为被侵略侧；b—虽然被侵略侧的χ值较小，但是其顶部的高程- χ值斜率(与ksn成正比)较低; c—当选择较高基准面时，侵略侧χ值低于被侵略侧；d—在持续的掀斜抬升情形下，分水岭最终达到稳定状态；e—当选择的基准面较低(z1)时，两侧χ值不一致，但是其顶部的高程- χ值斜率保持一致；f—当选择较高的基准面(z2)时, 两侧χ值保持一致。
Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing the elevation- χ profiles of the divide both in unsteady and steady states (modified from Zhou et al., 2022b)
(a) The longitudinal profiles of the two rivers are in an unsteady state when the tilting begins and the higher uplift side is the victim side; (b) Although the victim side has a lower χ value, its top elevation- χ slope, which is proportional to the ksn, is lower; (c) When we choose a higher base level, the χ value in the aggressor is lower than that in the victim. (d) When the tilting continues long enough, the drainage divide achieves a steady state; (e) When we choose a lower base level (z1), the two sides across the divide have different χ values, but the same top elevation- χ slope; (f) When we choose a higher base level (z2), the two sides across the divide have the same χ value.
图 3 不同高程基准面河道χ值分布
a—基准面高程为1300 m；b—基准面高程为1800 m
Figure 3. The χ value distribution of river channels with different elevations
(a) The base elevation is 1300 m; (b) The base elevation is 1800 m
图 4 乌拉山分水岭两侧河道分布
a—分水岭两侧(500 m范围内)降水量对比(1970—2000年平均降水量；数据来源于http://worldclim.org)；b—河道分布(编号1—10)
Figure 4. The distribution of river channels on both sides of the main drainage divide of the Wulashan horst
(a) Comparison of precipitation on both sides (within 500 m) of the main divide of the Wulashan horst. (Annual average precipitation data (1970~2000) from http://worldclim.org); (b) Channel distribution (Numbers 1-10)
图 5 乌拉山分水岭两侧河道χ值-高程分布图(河道位置见图 4)
a—较低基准面的χ值-高程分布图；b—较高基准面χ值-高程分布图
Figure 5. Distribution map of river elevation- χ values on both sides of the main drainage divide of the Wulashan horst(The distribution of the river channels is shown in Fig. 4)
(a) The elevation- χ plots with lower base levels; (b) The elevation- χ plots of the corresponding river with higher base levels
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