Deformation asymmetry in foreland thrust belts and the kinematic direction of the related thrust faults
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摘要: 前陆冲断带冲断层的冲断方向一直没有得到理论解释。文中基于库伦断裂理论和造山带前陆冲断带变形的非对称性，分析了前冲断层和反冲断层的成因。变形初期将会出现两组共轭势断裂面，随后在变形非对称引起的准静力平衡条件下，两组势断裂面中所需作用力小的那组断裂面将更容易发育成冲断层，断层滑动所需作用力包括克服滑脱面摩擦力和断层面摩擦力两部分。大部分条件下，前陆区前冲断层将优先发育，但当最大主应力轴向前陆倾斜时或共轭断层交叉点在滑脱面上时，反冲断层将有可能优先发育。后缘推动力、滑脱面摩擦力和滑体形状都会决定着主应力轴的方位。上述认识能够解释包括收缩变形区、伸展变形区等断层发育的选择性。Abstract: The thrust directions in foreland thrust belts have not been explained on theory. Based on Coulomb fracture criterion and deformation asymmetry in foreland thrust belt, the origins of fore-thrust and back-thrust faults are analyzed in this paper. Two potential conjugate fractures would occur in initial deformation stage, and the fracture requiring less applied forces might develop into thrust fault under the quasi-static equilibrium caused by deformation asymmetry in foreland thrust belts. The applied forces needed to create fault movements include the frictions along both the detachment surface and the fault surface. The fore-thrust faults will occur in most deformations in foreland thrust belts. However, where either the principal stress axes tilt toward foreland or the intersections point of the two conjugate fractures are on the detachment surface, the back-thrust faults will be preferable to occur. The applied force, the frictions along the detachment surface and the geometries of the slipping terranes will determine the principal stress axes. The findings will help to explain the selectivity of the fault dips in both contractional and extensional deformation areas.
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图 2 共轭断裂点在中间线上且最大主应力水平时的势断层
Figure 2. Potential faults when both the intersection point of conjugate fractures is on the midline and the maximum principal stress is horizontal
图 3 共轭断裂交叉点在中间线下方且最大主应力水平时的势断层方位
Figure 3. Potential faults when both the intersection point of conjugate fractures is beneath the midline and the maximum principal stress is horizontal
图 4 共轭断裂交叉点在滑脱面上的势断层
Figure 4. Potential faults when the intersection point of conjugate fractures is on the detachment surface
图 5 最大主应力倾斜且断层交叉点在中间线上时的势断层
Figure 5. Potential faults when both the intersection point of conjugate fractures is on the midline and the maximum principal stress is tilting
图 6 前陆冲断带滑体可能的动力条件及初期断裂
a—共轭断裂交叉点位于滑体中间线上且最大主压应力水平的动力条件；b—共轭断裂交叉点位于滑体中间线上方且最大主压应力水平的动力条件；c—共轭断裂交叉点位于滑体中间线下方且最大主压应力水平的动力条件；d—共轭断裂交叉点位于滑体中间线上且最大主压应力倾斜的动力条件
Figure 6. Possible geodynamic conditions and initial fractures in the foreland slipping terrane
(a) Geodynamic conditions for both the intersection point of conjugate fractures being on the midline of the slipping terrane and the maximum principal compressive stress being horizontal; (b) Geodynamic conditions for both the intersection point of conjugate fractures being above the midline of the slipping terrane and the maximum principal compressive stress being horizontal; (c) Geodynamic conditions for both the intersection point of conjugate fractures being beneath the midline of the slipping terrane and the maximum principal compressive stress being horizontal; (d) Geodynamic conditions for both the intersection point of conjugate fractures being on the midline of the slipping terrane and the maximum principal compressive stress being tilting
图 7 后推力倾斜及主应力水平
P—外作用力；Fb—底面摩擦力；θ—外作用力方向与最大主压应力轴夹角; F1—断层1；F2—断层2；A1—与P作用方向平行面上的应力点；A2—与P作用方向垂直面上的应力点；σ1—水平的最大主压应力；σ3—铅直的最小主压应力
Figure 7. Tilting push force and horizontal principal stress
P-Tilting applied force; Fb-Base friction; θ-Intersection angle between the applied force direction and the maximum principal stress axis; F1-Fault 1; F2-Fault 2; A1-Stress point for the plane parallel to the applied force; A2-Stress point for the plane perpendicular to the applied force; σ1-Horizontal maximum principal stress; σ3-Vertical minimum principal stress
图 8 后推力水平及主应力倾斜
P—水平外作用力；Fb—底面摩擦力；θ—外作用力方向与最大主压应力轴夹角；F1—断层1；F2—断层2；Β1—与P作用方向平行面上的应力点；Β2—与P作用方向垂直面上的应力点；σ1—倾斜的最大主压应力，σ3—铅直的最小主压应力
Figure 8. Horizontal push force and titling principal stress
P-Horizontal applied force; Fb-Base friction; θ-Intersection angle between the applied force direction and the maximum principal stress axis; F1-Fault 1; F2-Fault 2; Β1-Stress point for the plane parallel to the applied force; Β2-Stress point for the plane perpendicular to the applied force; σ1-Tilting maximum principal stress; σ3-Vertical minimum principal stress
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