Quaternary sedimentary sequence and sedimentary environment restoration in the Jinzhong Basin, Fenhe Rift Valley
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摘要: 晋中盆地是位于汾渭地堑系中部的新生代陆内断陷沉积盆地，研究晋中盆地第四纪的沉积序列对于进一步认识该盆地区域构造和区域气候环境变化具有重要意义。为查明晋中盆地第四纪沉积序列结构、研究揭示晋中盆地第四纪沉积环境及演化，通过构造岩相学方法，对晋中盆地地表和钻孔内第四纪沉积物和沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明：晋中盆地清徐地区地表第四纪沉积序列结构为盆地内部沱阳组河床相和河漫滩相-盆地边缘汾河组河流相—盆山过渡带峙峪组河流相、汾河组冲积扇相及马兰组风积相-基岩山地（盆地外围）二叠系浅海相。钻孔岩芯内第四纪沉积序列结构为下更新统浅湖相和滨湖相—中更新统浅湖相和河流相—上更新统河流相和冲积扇相—全新统冲积扇相。研究认为晋中新生代陆内断陷盆地内沉积序列和演化结构为早更新世陆相湖盆沉积环境—中更新世萎缩湖泊环境—晚更新世强烈萎缩的湖泊和河流环境—全新世再度沉降的陆相湖盆；陆相湖盆从中心向山地沉积环境分带为湖泊沉积环境—河流和湖泊沉积环境—冲积扇沉积环境（盆地边缘出山口区）。盆山过渡带地区上更新世沉积物错位现象与同沉积活动断裂有关，断裂活动性揭示了晋中盆地阶梯式断陷成盆的动力学机制。这些研究成果为区域气候环境变化和晋中盆地区域构造研究提供了新证据，也为太原市城市群建设中工程场址的选择提了供参考。Abstract: Jinzhong Basin is a Cenozoic intracontinental faulted sedimentary basin located in the middle of Fen-Wei graben system. Our study aims to identify the Quaternary sedimentary sequence and reveal the Quaternary sedimentary environmental evolution of the Jinzhong Basin. We used structural petrography to survey the Quaternary sediments and sedimentary environment on the surface and in the boreholes of the Jinzhong Basin. The results shows: The surface Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the Qingxu area of the Jinzhong Basin is composed of the river bed facies and floodplain facies of the Tuoyang Formation in the basin-the fluvial facies of the Fenhe Formation at the basin edge-the fluvial facies of the Zhiyu Formation, alluvial fan facies of the Fenhe Formation and aeolian facies of the Malan Formation in the basin-mountain transition zone-Permian neritic facies in the bedrock mountain (the periphery of the basin). The Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the core of the borehole is composed of the shallow lake facies and lakeside facies of the Lower Pleistocene-the shallow lake facies and fluvial facies of the Middle Pleistocene-the fluvial facies and alluvial fan facies of the Upper Pleistocene-the alluvial fan facies of the Holocene. The study suggests that the sedimentary sequence and environmental evolution of the Jinzhong basin is the early Pleistocene continental lake basin sediment-the Middle Pleistocene shrunken lake-the late Pleistocene strongly shrunken lake and river-the Holocene re-subsidence terrestrial lake pots. From the center to the mountain the sedimentary environment of the continental lake basin can be divided into lake sediment-river and lake sediment-alluvial fan sediment(the mountain mouth area at the edge of the basin).The dislocation of Upper Pleistocene sediments in the basin-mountain transition zone was caused by syn-sedimentary active faults. The fault activity reveals the dynamic mechanism of stepped formation in the Jinzhong Basin. These findings provide new evidence for the study of regional climate, environmental changes and regional tectonics in the Jinzhong Basin as well as reference for the site selection of Taiyuan City.
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Key words:
- Jinzhong Basin /
- Quaternary /
- sedimentary sequence /
- sedimentary environment /
- active fault
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图 1 晋中盆地地貌特征、断裂及地理要素分布图
a—晋中盆地形态; b—晋中盆地水系、区县、断裂分布及地貌特征
Figure 1. Distribution map of geomorphology, faults, and geographical elements in the Jinzhong Basin
(a) Shape of the Jinzhong Basin; (b) Distribution of rivers, counties and faults and geomorphological characteristics of Jinzhong Basin
图 2 晋中盆地清徐地区第四纪地层分布图
Figure 2. Distribution map of the Quaternary strata in the Qingxu area, Jinzhong Basin
图 3 黄楼村三级河流阶地上分布的马兰组及峙峪组地层
a—马兰组淡黄色亚砂土; b—马兰组中发育的垂直节理; c —峙峪组褐色砾石层与灰色含砾黏土、砂土互层; d—峙峪组粗砂细砾层
Figure 3. Malan Formation and Zhiyu Formation distributed on the third-level river terraces of Huanglou Village
(a) Malan Formation pale yellow subsandy soil in the Malan Formation; (b) Vertical joints developed in the Malan Formation; (c) Brown gravel layer and gray gravel-bearing clay interbedded with sandy soil in the Shiyu Formation; (d) Coarse sand and fine gravel in the Shiyu Formation
图 4 冲积扇地区的汾河组及盆地内部的沱阳组地层
a—汾河组冲积扇进积现象; b—沱阳组河床相叠瓦状定向排列的砾石; c—沱阳组河漫滩相波状层理
Figure 4. The Fenhe Formation in the alluvial fan area and the Tuoyang Formation in the basin
(a) Advancement of the alluvial fan in the Fenhe Formation; (b) Stacked oriented gravel in the river bed facies of the Tuoyang Formation; (c) Wave-like bedding in the river floodplain facies in the Tuoyang Formation
图 6 晋中盆地第四系剖面图
a—刘家园村—西梁泉村钻孔联合剖面; b—晋中盆地水文地质剖面(据山西省地质调查院, 2008修改)
Figure 6. Sectional view of the Quaternary in the Jinzhong Basin
(a) Joint Section of boreholes in Liujiayuan-Xiliangquan; (b) Hydrogeological Section of the Jinzhong Basin (modified after Shanxi Geological Survey Institute, 2008)
图 7 钻孔ZK001A沉积序列与钻孔柱状图
Figure 7. Drilling histogram of the representative borehole ZK001A
图 8 晋中盆地构造、地震及沉积物厚度分布图
a—晋中盆地地块分布图(武强等, 2003); b—晋中盆地主要断裂、地震、新生界和第四系沉积物厚度分布图(据中国地震局地壳应力研究所, 2010修改)
Figure 8. Distribution map showing the structure, earthquake and sediment thickness in the Jinzhong Basin
(a) Plot distribution map of the Jinzhong Basin (Wu et al., 2003). (b) Map showing the distribution of main faults, earthquakes, Cenozoic and Quaternary sediment thickness in the Jinzhong Basin (modified after Institute of Crustal Stress, China Earthquake Administration, 2010)
图 9 第四系对比及地层错断解译图
Figure 9. Quaternary comparison and interpretation of stratigraphic faults
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