Impact of Cenozoic Antarctic continent-ocean configuration patterns on global climate change
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摘要: 南极大陆记录了新生代以来地质演化中多次重大地质事件，包括大陆生长、裂解和离散、全球冷却和大陆尺度南极冰盖的发展等。尽管非常重要，但至今关于南极大陆新生代地质演化仍有诸多争论。文章主要针对塔斯曼通道和德雷克海峡贯通过程，系统总结并分析了南极洲、南美洲和澳大利亚的构造、岩浆和沉积演化历史。始新世晚期至渐新世早期开始发育的南极环极洋流（ACC）受德雷克海峡和塔斯曼通道扩张程度的控制。综合分析和对比研究表明，~34 Ma全球气候从"暖室"到"冷室"的转变与ACC开始的时间一致，表明构造通道的打开控制了ACC的发育，进而对全球气候产生了重要影响。最后，简要总结了南极作为一个完整的地球系统，其新生代地质演化如何控制海陆格局的变迁，并提出未来研究需要解决的关键问题。Abstract: Antarctica recorded a Cenozoic geologic history of continental growth, breakup and dispersal, global cooling and the development of continental-scale Antarctic ice sheet. Despite the importance of Antarctica, there has not been an integrated view of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the region as a whole. In this Review, we identify the Tasmania gateway and Drake Passage, and present their overlapping and interconnected tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary history of Antarctica, South America and Australia. Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), which occurred in the late Eocene to early Oligocene, was most impacted by the opening history of Drake Passage and the Tasmania gateway. Our comprehensive analysis and contrastive study show that the beginning of ACC corresponds to the transition from "warmhouse" to "coolhouse" phase at 34 Ma, indicating the development of ACC was controlled by the tectonic gateways, which in turn affected global climate. We conclude by briefly summarizing the Cenozoic geologic history of the Antarctic system as a whole, and how it provides insight into continent-ocean configuration patterns and what key topics must be addressed by future research are disscussed as well.
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Key words:
- Antarctica /
- Cenozoic /
- continent-ocean configuration patterns /
- global climate change /
- ice sheet
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图 1 南极及周边现代海陆格局图
成图数据(earth_relief_01m)来源：http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/gmt/data/；制图软件为The Generic Mapping Tools(GMT，v6.1.0)
Figure 1. Continent-ocean configuration pattern map of the Circum-Antarctic region
Earth relief data with 1 arc-minute resolution (earth_relief_01m) are from the website: http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/gmt/data/; Data visualization by The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT, v6.1.0)
图 2 晚白垩世以来南极与相邻陆块重建图
模型主要是根据海洋磁异常条带和破碎带的几何学特征计算出相关洋壳区域的欧拉旋转参数，假定旋转速率恒定，利用Gplates软件对各构造单元的运动学过程进行重建。模型还使用了地质和地球物理数据所记录到的陆内伸展、走滑、挤压等构造事件作为约束条件。同时还利用古地磁数据对模型进行了验证和必要的迭代。斯科舍海(Scotia Sea)地区的重建模型基于van de Lagemaat(2021)，制图软件：Gplates和GMT
Figure 2. Reconstruction of Antarctica and its surrounding areas since the late Cretaceous
Euler rotation parameters of relevant oceanic crust regions were calculated based on geometric characteristics of marine magnetic anomaly and fracture zones constraints, following the precondition that the stage rotation rate was constant. Gplates software was applied to reconstruct the kinematic process of all tectonic units. The model is also constrained by tectonic events such as intracontinental extensional history, strike-slip and deformation records. Additionally, the paleomagnetic data are used to verify and iterate the model. The reconstruction of the Scotia Sea region is based on van de Lagemaat (2021). Data visualization by Gplates and GMT software.
图 3 新生代以来南极周边区域海底扩张过程
数据来源于Seton et al., 2012; Müller et al., 2018, 2019; Wessel et al., 2019; van de Lagemaat et al., 2021的重建模型；制图软件：Gplates和GMT
Figure 3. Seafloor spreading map around the Antarctic since 65 Ma
Reconstruction data are derived from the global-scale plate motion models by Seton et al., 2012; Müller et al., 2018, 2019; Wessel et al., 2019; Van De Lagemaat et al., 2021; Data visualization by Gplates and GMT software.
图 4 白垩纪以来南极古纬度图(参考点：70°S, 65°W)
Figure 4. Paleolatitudes of the Antarctic since the Cretaceousrelative to a reference point on the Antarctic Peninsula (70°S, 65°W)
图 5 新生代南极地质事件与全球气候变化对比
图件根据Zachos et al., 2001; Livermore et al., 2007; Westerhold et al., 2020；2021-2030地球科学发展战略研究组，2021修改，深海氧同位素数据主要由多次大洋钻探计划(ODP)、海洋钻探计划(IODP)积累产生，图中所用数据来源于Westerhold et al., 2020提供的数据库
Figure 5. Cenozoic geological events in the Antarctic compared with global climate changes
This Graph is modified after Zachos et al., 2001; Livermore et al., 2007; Westerhold et al., 2020; 2021-2030 Earth Science Development Strategy Research Group, 2021. Deep-sea oxygen isotope data, mainly collected by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), mined from the database provided by Westerhold et al., 2020
表 1 西南极古地磁数据表
Table 1. Paleomagnetic data from West Antarctica
编号 年代 研究区 N/n 古地磁极 参考文献 纬度/(°S) 经度/(°E) A95/(°) 1 140 Ma Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands 4 60.0 50.0 9.5 Grunow, 1993 2 110 Ma SSI and AP (Northern AP) 23 81.1 170.0 6.2 Watts et al., 1984; Grunow, 1993; Bakhmutov and Shpyra, 2011; Gao et al., 2018 3 90 Ma SSI and AP (Northern AP) 50 86.8 113.0 3.4 Poblete et al., 2011 4 55 Ma SSI (Northern AP) 40 85.0 45.5 5.6 Grunow, 1993; Nawrocki et al., 2010; Bakhmutov and Shpyra, 2011; Poblete et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2018 5 27 Ma Kerguelen islands (Antarctic Plate) 233 85.3 9.3 2.3 Camps et al., 2007 6 5 Ma James Ross Island volcanics 85.7 30.7 7.0 Kristjánsson et al., 2005 7 108 Ma OC and EEL (Southern AP) 5 65.2 193.9 17.7 Kellogg, 1980 8 105 Ma LC (Southern AP) 5 82.6 274.8 9.0 Kellogg and Rowley, 1978 
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