The migration rule of the ore-forming fluids in the Meso-Cenozoic Basins, Southwestern Tianshan, China
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摘要: 乌拉根铅锌矿床和萨热克铜矿床是西南天山中新生代盆地最有代表性的两个层控砂砾岩型矿床，乌拉根铅锌矿床产于下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K1kz5)的粗砂质细砾岩中，后期经历了弱的构造改造作用；萨热克铜矿床产于上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段(J3k2)杂砾岩中，其北矿段后期经历了强烈的构造改造作用，南矿段可见岩浆热液蚀变作用后的褪色化及叠加成矿作用。为了研究成矿流体和岩浆热液在岩石中的运移规律，分别对上述两个矿区以沉积作用、构造改造作用和岩浆作用为主的代表性岩石测定了孔隙度和渗透率。测试结果表明乌拉根矿区岩(矿)石的孔隙度和渗透率总体比萨热克矿区岩石的孔隙度和渗透率要小；乌拉根铅锌矿区和萨热克铜矿区北矿段矿石的孔隙度和渗透率均小于下盘围岩的孔隙度和渗透率；萨热克铜矿区南矿段经历了岩浆热液蚀变，岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于未受岩浆作用的岩石孔隙度和渗透率，且辉绿岩脉下盘岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于上盘。同时通过岩(矿)石组构分析，上述岩(矿)石在成岩和成矿后孔隙度和渗透率的变化均与成矿流体或岩浆热液的作用密切相关。在西南天山中新生代层控型矿床中，当成矿流体沿切层断裂上升后会优先选择孔隙度和渗透率高的岩层进行渗滤、扩散、充填和交代作用。岩石中的砾石砾径越大，砾石间隙越大；岩石的硬度越大，其在后期构造变形中越容易形成构造裂隙，对成矿越有利，这也是造成萨热克铜矿北矿带中的金属硫化物颗粒明显大于乌拉根铅锌矿中金属硫化物的重要原因。上述结果表明沉积盆地中成矿流体或岩浆热液的成矿作用越强，岩石受其影响在成岩成矿后的孔隙度和渗透率越会变小，从岩石的孔隙度和渗透率可间接反映成矿过程中成矿作用的强弱，为寻找富矿体提供理论依据。Abstract: The Wulagen pb-zn deposit and the Sareke copper deposit, two most representative strata-bound glutenite deposits in the Meso-Cenozoic Basins in Southwestern Tianshan, are the subjects of our study. The Wulagen pb-zn deposit occurred in the coarse sandy fine conglomerates in the Section 5 of the Lower Cretaceous Kizilsu group(K1kz5) and have underwent weak tectonic reworking in the late period; The Sareke copper deposit occurred in anagenites in the upper section of Upper Jurassic Kuzigongsu formation (J3k2), and the northern part shows obvious tectonic reworking and enrichment mineralization, while the southern part shows discoloration and superposition mineralization after magmatic hydrothermal alteration. In order to study the migration law of ore-forming fluids and magmatic hydrothermal fluids in rocks, the porosity and permeability of the representative rocks dominated by sedimentation, tectonic reworking and magmatic hydrothermal alteration in the two mining areas were measured respectively. The test results show that the rocks in the Wulagen deposit area generally have low porosity and permeability than those in the Sareke deposit; the rocks in the Wulagen lead-zinc deposit and the northern part of the Sareke copper deposit have low porosity and permeability than their footwall rocks; the porosity and permeability of the rocks subjected to magmatic hydrothermal alteration in the southern part of the Sareke copper deposit are obviously lower than those not subjected to magmatic alteration, and the porosity and permeability of the footwall rocks of diabase dike are significantly lower than those of the upper rocks. According to the analysis of rock (ore) fabric, the changes of porosity and permeability after diagenesis and mineralization are closely related to the action of ore-forming fluids or magmatic hydrothermal fluids. In the Meso-Cenozoic strata-bound deposits in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains, rock strata with high porosity and permeability are preferred to be permeated, diffused, filled and metasomatized when ore-forming fluids rise along the cutting layer faults. The larger the gravel diameter is in the rock, the larger the gravel gap is; the greater the hardness of the rock, the easier it is to form structural cracks in the later tectonic deformation, and the more favorable it is for mineralization. This is also the important reason that the metal sulfide particles in the northern part of the Sareke copper deposit are obviously larger than those in the Wulagen lead-zinc deposit. In the process of magma intrusion, the alteration of the footwall quartz sandstone by the magmatic hydrothermal fluids is stronger than that of the hanging wall. The above results indicate that the stronger the mineralization of ore-forming fluids or magmatic hydrothermal fluids are in sedimentary basins, the lower the porosity and permeability of affected rocks will be after diagenesis and mineralization. The porosity and permeability of rocks can indirectly reflect the strength of mineralization and provides a theoretical basis for searching for ore shoots.
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图 1 西南天山区域地质图
1—第四系；2—新近系；3—渐新统—中新统克孜洛依组；4—古近系；5—白垩系；6—侏罗系；7—三叠系；8—二叠系；9—石炭系；10—泥盆系；11—志留系；12—中元古代长城系阿克苏群；13—晚志留世—早泥盆世超铁镁质岩石；14—辉绿岩脉；15—地质界线；16—角度不整合；17—正断层；18—逆断层；19—性质不明断层；20—推测断层；21—铜矿点；22—铅锌矿点；23—金矿；24—锶矿点；25—铁矿点；26—铝土矿点；27—铅锌铜矿点；28—地名；29—水系；30—矿区; 31—构造缝合带；32—逆冲推覆构造带
Figure 1. Regional geological map of the southwestern Tianshan area
1-Quaternary system; 2-Neogene system; 3-Oligocene-Miocene Keziluoyi formation; 4-Paleogene system; 5-Cretaceous system; 6-Jurassic system; 7-Triassic system; 8-Permian system; 9-Carboniferous system; 10-Devonian system; 11-Silurian system; 12-Mesoproterozoic Changcheng system Akesu group; 13-Late Silurian-Early Devonian ultramafic rocks; 14-Diabasic dike; 15-Geological boundary; 16-Angular unconformity; 17-Fault; 18-Copper occurrence; 19-Lead-Zinc occurrence; 20-Gold deposit; 21-Strontium occurrence; 22-Iron occurrence; 23-Bauxite occurrence; 24-Copper polymetallic occurrence; 25-Place name; 26-River; 27-Mine area; 28-Structural suture zone; 29-Thrust nappe belt
图 2 乌拉根铅锌矿床和萨热克铜矿床岩不同(矿)石特征
a—乌拉根露天采场；b—乌拉根含矿粗砂质细砾岩；c—萨热克铜矿北矿带含矿杂砾岩与上覆紫红色泥岩界线；d—萨热克铜矿北矿带含矿杂砾岩；e—萨热克铜矿南矿带辉绿岩脉切层侵入；f—萨热克铜矿南矿带辉绿岩脉顺层侵入
Figure 2. The characteristics of different rocks (ores) in the Wulagen Pb-Zn deposit and the Sareke copper deposit. (a) Open pit of the Wulagen deposit. (b) Ore-bearing coarse sandy fine conglomerate of the Wulagen deposit. (c) The boundary between the ore-bearing anagenite and the overlying purplish mudstone in the northern part of the Sareke copper deposit. (e) Cutting layer intrusion of the diabasic dike in the southern part of the Sareke deposit. (f) Concordant intrusion of the diabasic dike in the southern part of the Sareke deposit.
图 3 乌拉根铅锌床S7-N15号勘探线剖面图(据王勃等，2013修改)
1—中新统安居安组；2—渐新统—中新统克孜洛伊组；3—始新统—渐新统巴什布拉克组；4—始新统乌拉根组；5—始新统卡拉塔尔组；6—古新统—始新统齐姆根组；7—古新统阿尔塔什组；8—下白垩统克孜勒苏群五段；9—地质界线；10—角度不整合界线；11—铅锌矿体；12—铅锌矿化体；13—钻孔
Figure 3. Section of the exploration line S7-N15 in the Wulagan Pb-Zn deposit (Modified after Wang et al., 2013)
1-Miocene Anju'an formation; 2-Oligocene-Miocene Keziluoyi formation; 3-Eocene-Oligocene Bashibulake formation; 4-Eocene Wulagen formation; 5-Eocene Kalataer formation; 6-Palaeocene-Eocene Qimugen formation; 7-Palaeocene Aertashi formation; 8-The fifth section of the Kezilesu Group in the Lower Cretaceous; 9-Geological boundary; 10-Angular unconformity; 11-Pb-Zn orebody; 12-Pb-Zn mineralized body; 13-borehole
图 4 萨热克铜矿床成矿地质模型
1—砂砾岩型铜矿化；2—砂岩型铜矿化；3—砂岩型铅锌矿化；4—辉绿岩脉；5—沥青化；6—砂砾岩；7—石英砂岩；8—泥质灰岩；9—粉砂质泥岩；10—煤层；11—变质片岩；12—大理岩；13—基性火山岩；14—中元古代长城系阿克苏群；15—断层
Figure 4. Metallogenic model of the Sareke copper deposit
1-Glutenite-type copper mineralization; 2-Sandstone-type copper mineralization; 3-Sandstone-type Pb-Zn mineralization; 4-Diabasic dike; 5-Bituminization; 6-Glutenite; 7-Quartz Sandstone; 8-Argillaceous limestone; 9-Silty mudstone; 10-Coal bed; 11-Metamorphic schist; 12-Marble; 13-Basic volcanic rock; 14-Mesoproterozoic Changcheng system Akesu group; 15-Fault
图 5 萨热克铜矿岩矿石显微组构特征
a—沉积成因石英砂岩(正交光)；b—沉积成因石英砂岩(反射光)；c—岩浆热液蚀变石英砂岩(正交光)；d—岩浆热液蚀变石英砂岩(反射光)
Figure 5. Feature of micro-fabric for the rocks (ores) of the Sareke copper deposit. (a) Sedimentary quartz sandstone (orthogonal polarized light). (b) Sedimentary quartz sandstone(reflected light). (c) Magmatic hydrothermal alteration of quartz sandstone(orthogonal polarized light). (d) Magmatic hydrothermal alteration of quartz sandstone(reflected light)
表 1 乌拉根-萨热克不同岩(矿)石渗透率和孔隙度测试结果
Table 1. Test results of permeability and porosity for different rocks (ores) from the Wulagen deposit and the Sareke deposit
序号 采样位置 样号 地质特征简述 地层代号 气测渗透率/×10-3μm2 孔隙度/% 备注 1 乌拉根铅锌矿 A01 粗砂质细砾岩 K1kz5 2.9138 10.100 矿化蚀变 2 A02 岩屑砂岩 0.0395 10.920 3 A03 浅紫红色含砾砂岩 K1kz4 71.1967 23.880 沉积成因 4 A04 灰绿色含砾粗砂岩 K1kz3 80.3025 23.450 5 A05 深紫红色砂质泥岩 K1kz1 10.4536 18.120 6 萨热克铜矿北矿带 B01 褐红色粉砂质泥岩 K1kz1 0.00212 1.555 沉积成因 7 B02 褐红色粉砂质泥岩 0.00311 1.409 8 B03 褐红色粉砂质泥岩 0.00295 1.212 9 B04 杂砾岩 J3k2 0.04306 2.662 盆地改造弱碳酸盐化胶结 10 B05 杂砾岩 0.09354 2.423 11 B06 杂砾岩 0.04786 2.140 12 B08 含铜砾岩 0.01010 1.798 盆地改造强碳酸盐-硅化-硫化物胶结 13 B09 含铜砾岩 0.00353 1.552 14 B10 含铜砾岩 0.06578 1.767 15 B11 含铜砾岩 0.00815 1.331 16 B12 含铜砾岩 0.02900 1.750 17 B13 灰绿色石英砂岩 J3k1 0.01364 3.212 沉积成因 18 B14 灰绿色石英砂岩 0.01454 3.129 19 B15 灰绿色石英砂岩 0.02514 4.819 20 萨热克铜矿南矿带 C01 紫红色石英砂岩 K1kz2 2.33821 9.080 沉积成因 21 C02 浅灰绿色石英砂岩 0.18142 8.950 22 C03 灰白色石英砂岩 0.06108 7.700 23 C04 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉上盘) K1kz2 0.01599 6.340 岩浆热液蚀变 24 C05 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉下盘) 0.02333 3.460 25 C06 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉上盘) 0.08403 5.890 26 C07 灰白色含铜石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉下盘) 0.02381 2.500 27 C08 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉上盘) 0.15856 6.710 28 C09 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉下盘) 0.02705 3.790 29 C10 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉上盘) 0.04870 5.250 30 C11 灰白色石英砂岩(辉绿岩脉下盘) 0.03250 4.270 
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表 2 乌拉根-萨热克不同岩(矿)石力学参数
Table 2. Mechanical parameters of different rocks (ores) from the Wulagen deposit and the Sareke deposit
序号 采样位置 样号 岩石名称 地层代号 单轴抗压强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 单轴压缩变形/MPa 泊松比 资料来源 饱和 烘干 饱和 烘干 弹性模量 变形模量 1 乌拉根铅锌矿 R10-岩-719 (顶板)白云岩 E1a 20.0 38.8 1.46 2.6 5.59 8.14 0.22 王勃等, 2013 2 R10-岩-720 (矿体)粗砂质细砾岩 K1kz5 2.43 7.24 0.08 0.22 0.36 0.198 0.35 3 R10-岩-721 (底板)砂岩 K1kz1 2.6 10.9 0.28 1.07 0.23 0.24 0.35 4 萨热克铜矿 Y1、Y2、Y6、Y10 (顶板)粉砂岩 K1kz1 64.3 96.1 4.56 8.89 19.8 15.6 0.24 陈和焰等，2012 5 Y3、Y4、Y7、Y8 (矿体)杂砾岩 J3k2 39.0 117.0 2.69 8.39 14.6 11.0 0.25 6 Y5、Y9、Y11、Y12 (底板)含砾砂岩 J3k1 34.7 106.0 3.74 10.9 7.83 6.12 0.25
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