Land surface temperature retrieval and geothermal resources prediction by remote sensing image: A case study in the Shijiazhuang area, Hebei province
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摘要: 热红外遥感技术可以反演地表温度信息，可在地热资源预测方面发挥重要作用。研究基于京津冀地区地热成藏模式，利用单窗算法反演出石家庄地区2015年3月6日地表温度，结合夜间热红外影像、遥感构造解译结果和剩余重力异常数据，综合分析，相互论证，圈定1处山地对流型地热远景区和2处沉积盆地型地热远景区。其中，平山县寺沟村昼夜地温值均高于周边地物，且剩余重力异常数据印证该区存在北东向断裂，进而预测该区是断裂作为导水导热通道连接地表与地壳深部热源所形成的地热田；藁城—无极一带和马于—换马店一带剩余重力异常解译为深部隆起构造，且有隐伏断裂穿过，预测该区是由隐伏断裂将热量传递、汇集至隆起构造位置所形成的地热田。以地热成藏理论为依据，利用遥感技术和地质、地球物理资料综合分析进行地热资源预测，所圈定的地热预测靶区更具备地质可解释性。Abstract: Thermal infrared remote sensing technology can retrieve land surface temperature information, which has played an important role in the prediction of geothermal resources. Based on the geothermal accumulation theory of the North China Plain, the mono-window algorithm was used to retrieve the land surface temperature of the Shijiazhuang area on March 6, 2015. Combined with the night thermal infrared images, remote sensing structure interpretation results and residual gravity anomaly data, through the comprehensive analysis and mutual demonstration, one upland convection-type and two sedimentary basin-type prospective areas were delineated, whose formation modes were convection and conduction respectively. In Sigou Village of Pingshan County, the land surface temperature is higher than that of the surrounding land features day and night, and the residual gravity anomaly data confirm the presence of NE faults in this area. Therefore, it is inferred that this area is a geothermal field formed by faults as water and heat conduction channels connecting the surface and the deep crustal heat source. The Gaocheng-Wuji area and Mayu-Huanmadian area are interpreted as deep uplift structures base on the residual gravity anomaly data, and there are hidden faults passing through, suggesting that this area is a geothermal field formed by the heat transfer and collection from the hidden faults to the uplift. This study is a geothermal resource prediction that based on the geothermal accumulation theory and the comprehensive analysis of remote sensing technology and geological and geophysical data. The prediction of target area is geologically interpretable and more in line with the understanding of geothermal accumulation.
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图 1 研究区位置图
a—河北地理位置图；b—京津冀地区地热资源潜力分区图(王贵玲等，2017)；c—研究区大地构造单元分区图(Ⅱ22燕山台褶带；Ⅲ25军都山岩浆岩带；Ⅳ219狼牙山凹陷断束；Ⅱ22山西断隆；Ⅳ221阜平穹褶束；Ⅲ210沁源台陷；Ⅲ211太行山拱断束；Ⅳ232赞皇穹断束；Ⅱ24为华北断拗；Ⅲ212冀中台陷；Ⅳ240保定断凹；Ⅳ241高阳台凸；Ⅳ242饶阳断凹；Ⅲ216临清台陷；Ⅳ264晋县断凹；Ⅳ265宁晋断凸；Ⅳ266束鹿断凹；Ⅳ267新河断凸；Ⅳ268南宫断凹)
Figure 1. Location map of the study area
图 2 京津冀地区地热资源成藏模式(据王贵玲等，2017修改)
a—隆起山地对流型地热成藏模式图；b—沉积盆地传导型地热成藏模式图
Figure 2. Accumulation model of the geothermal resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (modified after Wang et al., 2017)
图 4 构造解译结果(754彩色合成)
Figure 4. Structural interpretation results and previous research results(color composite of bands 7, 5, and 4)
图 6 平山县温塘镇温泉异常特征
a—卫星影像图；b—地表反演温度图(白天)；c—剩余重力异常图(详见图 7)；d—热红外影像(夜间)
Figure 6. Anomaly characteristics of the hot springs in Wentang Town, Pingshan County
图 7 平山县寺沟村异常特征
a—卫星影像图；b—地表反演温度图(白天)；c—剩余重力异常图(详见图 7)；d—热红外影像(夜间)
Figure 7. Anomaly characteristics of Sigou Village, Pingshan County
图 8 研究区构造解译与远景预测图(据张亚东等，2011；方菲，2020修改)
剩余重力异常主要反映深度约7 km处结晶基底以上的不同地层、地质体及构造单元之间的密度差异特征，即相邻重力高、低代表基底隆起与凹陷
Figure 8. Structural interpretation results and geothermal resource potential of the study area (modified after Zhang et al., 2011; Fang, 2020)
表 1 TIRS(热红外传感器)
Table 1. TIRS(Thermal Infrared Sensor)
波段名称 中心波长/μm 最小光谱响应范围/μm 最大光谱响应范围/μm 空间分辨率/m Band 10 TIRS 1 10.9 10.6 11.2 100 Band 11 TIRS 2 12.0 11.5 12.5 100 
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表 2 OLI(陆地成像仪)
Table 2. OLI(Operational Land Imager)
波段名称 波段范围/μm 空间分辨率/m Band 1 Coastal 0.433~0.453 30 Band 2 Blue 0.450~0.515 30 Band 3 Green 0.525~0.600 30 Band 4 Red 0.630~0.680 30 Band 5 NIR 0.845~0.885 30 Band 6 SWIR 1 1.560~1.660 30 Band 7 SWIR 2 2.100~2.300 30 Band 8 Pan 0.500~0.680 15 Band 9 Cirrus 1.360~1.390 30
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表 3 影像1
Table 3. Image 1
参数名称 参数 参数名称 参数 数据标识 LC81240332015065LGN01 卫星名称 LANDSAT 8 数据类型 OLI_TIRS 传感器 OLI_TIRS 接收站 LGN 白天晚上 DAY 太阳高度角 40.37572591 太阳方位角 149.04166674 开始时间(GTM) 2015-03-06 02∶59∶32 结束时间(GTM) 2015-03-06 03∶00∶04 平均云量 1.62 中心经度 114°41′55.75″E 中心纬度 38°54′16.24″N 注：Greenwich Mean Time(GTM)
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表 4 影像2
Table 4. Image 2
参数名称 参数 参数名称 参数 数据标识 LC81240342015065LGN01 卫星名称 LANDSAT 8 数据类型 OLI_TIRS 传感器 OLI_TIRS 接收站 LGN 白天晚上 DAY 太阳高度角 41.45845377 太阳方位角 147.99421452 开始时间(GTM) 2015-03-06 02∶59∶56 结束时间(GTM) 2015-03-06 03∶00∶28 平均云量 1.11 中心经度 114°15′56.59″E 中心纬度 37°28′28.42″N
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表 5 2015年3月6日石家庄正定气象数据
Table 5. Meteorological data of Zhengding on March 6, 2015
参数名称 参数 日期(yyyy-mm-dd) 2015-03-06 最高温度/℃ 13 最低温度/℃ 1 3∶00(GTM)石家庄气温/℃ 10 相对湿度/% 35 气压传感器海拔高度/m 72.1 气压/mb 1008.27
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表 6 大气透射率估算模型
Table 6. Atmospheric transmittance estimation model
参数名称 参数 数据时间(yyyy-mm-dd) 2015-03-06 纬度/经度 38°/114° 格林尼治标准时间(GTM) 3∶00 Landsat 8 TIRS Band 10光谱响应曲线 √ 中纬度冬季标准大气 √ 地表高程/km 0.072 地表大气压/mb 1008.27 地表温度/℃ 10 地表相对湿度/% 35 波段平均大气透射率 0.96 有效上行辐射/(W·m-2·Sr-1·μm-1) 0.27 有效下行辐射/(W·m-2·Sr-1·μm-1) 0.47
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