Innovation and application of airborne geophysical exploration technology
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摘要: 简要回顾了中国航空物探技术的发展历程，重点阐述了21世纪以来、尤其是"十一五"以来国内航空物探的主要技术创新与应用成果，并对今后发展趋势进行了分析与预测。为满足国家与社会需求，"十一五"以来，中国的航空物探技术，尤其是航磁多参量、矢量测量、航空重力测量和时间域航空电磁测量技术得到快速发展；在航空物探技术创新过程中，航空物探资料的综合研究和应用得到了加强，在基础地质、固体矿产勘查与评价、能源勘查与评价等方面取得了重要成果，在地下水资源调查、工程地质勘查、环境地质调查等方面显示出了良好的应用前景。为满足国家资源勘查和环境评价对航空探测技术的需求，未来中国航空物探测量系统的分辨率、稳定性和实用性将进一步提高，航空物探在加强基础地质、固体矿产勘查、能源勘查等传统领域应用的基础上，将拓展及加强在深地探测、深海探测、深部地热调查、水资源调查、地质灾害调查、军事及测绘等领域的应用。
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关键词:
- 航空地球物理勘查技术 /
- 航空物探 /
- 创新 /
- 应用
Abstract: This paper briefly reviews the development of China's airborne geophysical exploration technology, focuses on the main technological innovations and application achievements of airborne geophysical exploration in China since the 21st century, especially since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", and analyzes and forecasts the future development trend. In order to meet the needs of the state and society, since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", China's airborne geophysical exploration technologies, especially the aeromagnetic multi parameter survey, airborne vector magnetic survey, airborne gravity survey and time domain airborne electromagnetic survey, have been developed rapidly. In the process of airborne geophysical exploration technology innovation, the comprehensive research and application of airborne geophysical data have been strengthened. Important achievements have been made in many fields, including geology, solid mineral exploration and energy exploration and evaluation. Airborne geophysical exploration also has shown a good application prospect in groundwater resources survey, engineering geological exploration and environmental geological survey. To meet the demands for national resources and environmental survey, the resolution, stability and practicability of China's airborne geophysical survey system will be further improved in the future. On the basis of strengthening the application in traditional fields such as geology, solid mineral exploration and energy exploration, airborne geophysical exploration will expand and strengthen its application in deep-earth exploration, deep-sea exploration, deep geothermal exploration, water resources investigation, geological disaster investigation, surveying and mapping, military and other fields. -
图 1 自主研制航空物探仪器装备及其技术指标的标志性进展
Figure 1. China's airborne geophysical exploration instruments and the landmark progress of technical indicators
图 2 高分辨综合航空地球物理勘查技术体系
Figure 2. Technical system of the high resolution integrated airborne geophysical exploration
图 3 中国陆域航磁ΔT化极立体阴影图(Xiong et al., 2016a)
Figure 3. Stereo shaded-relief image of aeromagnetic ΔT data of continental China with magnetic pole reduction. (Xiong et al., 2016a)
图 4 中国陆域磁性基底深度图(Xiong et al., 2016a)
Figure 4. Magnetic basement depth map of continental China (Xiong et al., 2016a)
图 5 中国陆域断裂及岩浆岩分布图(Xiong et al., 2016a)
Figure 5. Distribution of faults and magmatic rocks in continental China based on aeromagnetic data (Xiong et al., 2016a)
图 6 中国陆域居里面深度图(熊盛青等，2016b)
Figure 6. Depth map of curie surface in continental China (Xiong et al., 2016b)
图 7 曹妃甸地区不同深度电阻率切片(He et al., 2019)
Figure 7. Resistivity slices corresponding to elevation levels in Caofeidian area (He et al., 2019)
图 8 航空地球物理勘查科学技术体系建设框图
Figure 8. Flow chart for the construction of science and technology system of airborne geophysical exploration
表 1 航空物探方法的理论基础、物理性质及探测对象
Table 1. Theory, physical properties and detection objects of the airborne geophysical exploration methods
方法 理论基础 物理性质基础 测量对象 航空磁测 毕奥-萨伐尔定律 磁化率、磁化强度差异 磁场 航空重力测量 牛顿万有引力定律 密度差异 重力场 航空电磁测量 麦克斯韦方程 导磁性、导电性差异 电磁场 航空放射性测量 放射性同位素衰变 衰变常数差异 伽马能谱 
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表 2 国内外航空地球物理勘查系统核心仪器关键指标对比表
Table 2. Comparison of key indicators of domestic and foreign airborne geophysical exploration systems
装备 技术指标 当前国际 当前国内 评价 航空磁测系统 总场 灵敏度/pT ±0.35 ±0.3 先进 灵敏度/pT ±0.5 ±0.3 梯度 水平梯度噪声/(pT/m) 5 2 先进 垂向梯度噪声/(pT/m) 20 10 三分量 噪声/nT 60 3 领先 张量梯度 噪声/(pT/m) 5 / 差距大 航空重力测量系统 总场 测量精度/mGal ±0.6 ±0.6 先进 静态精度/mGal ±0.01~±0.1 ±0.1 梯度 测量精度/E ±1~±5 / 差距大 直升机航空电磁系统 TEM 发射磁矩/Am2 1.3×106 3.5×105 先进，有差距 动态噪声/(nT/s) ±1 ±2 勘探深度/m 500~800 300~400 大地电磁 动态范围/dB 130 / 差距大 系统噪声/fT 30 / 探测深度/km 1~3 / 航空伽马能谱测量系统 能量分辨率/%(137Cs) 8.0 4.0 先进 峰漂/道 < 1 < 0.5 起始能量/keV 50~70 < 20 注：组成上述系统的仪器，除航空磁力仪、重力仪、电磁仪和伽马能谱仪等核心仪器外，还包括：磁干扰场补偿器、磁日变观测系统、数据收录仪、专用导航系统、综合定位数据采集系统、仪器供电适配系统等配套仪器与设备，中国均实现了自主研制，并保持与国外同等先进水平
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表 3 中国不同时期航空地球物理勘查技术对比表
Table 3. Comparison of airborne geophysical exploration techniques of different periods in China
内容 第一代(20世纪50年代初期—20世纪80年初期) 第二代(20世纪80代中期—20世纪90年中期) 第三代(20世纪90年代末期—现在) 第三代主要进步 勘查方法 航磁(总场)、航空放射性(伽马总量、后期4道伽马能谱)、航空电磁(频率域) 航磁(总场、水平梯度)、航空放射性(伽马能谱，4道、512道)、航空电磁(频率域) 航磁(总场、全轴梯度、矢量)、航空放射性(伽马能谱，512道、1024道)、航空电磁(频率域、时间域)、航空重力 实现全部4类方法勘查应用 测量仪器 引进为主, 部分自研 航磁自研，其它引进 自主研制与引进结合 自主研制各类仪器，主要技术指标与国外相当，并工程化应用 测量参量 4~11个：航磁(1)，航空伽马(1)和伽马能谱(4)，频率域航电(2-6) 13个：航磁(3)、三频航电(6)、航空伽马能谱(4) 42个：航磁(10)、航电(频率域12+时间域15)、航空伽马能谱(4)、航空重力(1) 增加29个 飞行平台 固定翼飞机、直升机 固定翼飞机、直升机 多型固定翼飞机、直升机、无人机、滑翔机、飞艇 多样化，全地域测量能力 测量比例尺 1:100万—1:20万为主，部分1:10万，最大1:5万 1:20万、1:10万为主，部分1:100万、1:5万，最大1:2.5万 1:5万为主，部分1:20万和1:10万，最大1:4000 提高5倍以上，实现高分辨、精细化探测 导航定位 地形图目视领航；后期多普勒导航等；布标+照相定位、后期部分应答定位等，定位精度约1 km~n×100 m 仪表导航，后期GPS、GLONASS导航定位为主；
定位精度±n×100~±10 mGPS和DGPS导航定位；
定位精度±10~±1 m三维自主导航；
定位精度提高5倍以上高度测量 人工记录气压高度, 后期中低精度无线电测高仪 数字气压高度, 无线电测高 GPS高度、高精度无线电测高 精度达到米级 数据收录方法 模拟曲线记录 微机数字收录/模拟曲线记录 完全数字收录 软件国产化、全流程数字化 资料处理解释与成图方法 人工、半机械整理，手工清绘成图，成果为纸介质 引进专用软件处理、解释、成图，成果以纸介质为主 国产专用软件处理、解释、成图，数字化成果 测量精度 低—中精度(磁测精度±100~±5 nT) 高精度(磁测精度±5~±3 nT) 高精度(磁测精度±3~±1 nT；航空重力±1.0 mGal) 磁测精度提高2~3倍 应用领域 以找铁矿、铀矿和圈油气盆地与局部构造为主 固体矿产与油气勘查、区域地质调查、地球深部结构探测、地下水资源调查等 固体矿产与油气勘查、区域地质调查、地球深部结构探测、地下水资源调查、工程地质勘查、环境评价、军事地质、测绘、核应急监测等 应用领域更广 注：分代时间在前人的基础上进行了适当调整
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表 4 不同航空物探方法的主要用途及相应的测量比例尺
Table 4. Main application of different airborne geophysical methods and corresponding measurement scales
方法 主要用途 局限性 测量比例尺 备注 航空磁测 铁矿、多金属和非金属矿、油气勘查，区域地质调查，工程地质勘查，地球深部结构探测、军事等 垂向分辨率较低 1:4000—1:20万 可有以下几种不同组合：如重/磁、磁/伽马能谱、磁/电磁、磁/电磁/伽马能谱，等等。 航空重力测量 油气、固体矿产勘查，区域地质调查，地球深部结构探测，军事，测绘等 目前空间分辨率难于满足固体矿产勘查 1:5万—1:20万 航空电磁测量 矿产勘查、地下水资源调查、环境评价、地下电性结构探测等 易受电性干扰，探测深度受环境电阻率影响 1:4000—1:5万 航空放射性测量 铀矿、稀土稀有金属矿、钾盐矿、多金属和非金属矿勘查，区域地质调查，环境辐射评价，核应急监测等 固体矿产调查局限于浅地表 1:2.5万—1:5万
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