Dynamic formation mechanism of landslide disaster on the Loess Plateau
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摘要: 滑坡灾害是威胁黄土高原人民生命和财产安全、城镇与重大工程建设与运营的重大地质问题。针对黄土高原滑坡灾害形成的动力学机制问题，在大量的调查统计、试验与理论分析基础上，总结得出区域构造应力是黄土高原滑坡高发的主要驱动力，它是滑坡分区分带群发的控制因素，是黄土滑坡的"第一元凶"；边坡构造应力既造就了结构面，又不断地改造和松动着结构面，持续地肢解着边坡的完整性，它是单体滑坡形成的主要驱动力，是黄土滑坡的"第二元凶"；黄土是一种特殊的结构土，具有极强的水敏性，在土体应力驱动下极易灾变，黄土的这种易灾特性是土体灾变的内在原因，是黄土滑坡的"第三元凶"；大量的滑坡发生都与水有关，地表水大量渗入黄土浅表部，会引起浅表崩塌和溜滑灾害，而当水沿着微、细、宏观优势通道进入黄土深部后，就可能引起深层滑坡，因此，动水渗透作用是黄土滑坡的"主凶"；工程扰动既会改变边坡原有的应力状态，进而扩展和松动已有的结构面，现今，工程扰动已经成为一种诱发地质灾害的重要地质营力，是黄土滑坡的"帮凶"。Abstract: Landslide disaster is a major geological problem that threatens the safety of people's life and property, and the construction and operation of towns and major projects on the Loess Plateau. Aiming at the dynamic formation mechanism of landslide on the Loess Plateau, based on a large number of investigation, statistics, tests and theoretical analysis, following conclusions were drawn: The regional tectonic stress is the main driving force for high occurrence of landslides. It is the controlling factor for landslides ocurring in different zones and belts and the first internal cause. The tectonic stress of the slope not only creates the structural surface, but also continuously alters and loosens the structural surface and dismembers the integrity of the slope. It is the main driving force for the formation of single landslide and the second internal cause of loess landslide. Loess is a kind of special structural soil with strong water sensitivity, which is prone to disasters under soil stress drive. This disaster-prone property of loess is the internal cause of soil disaster and the third internal cause of loess landslide. A large number of landslides are related to water. Surface water penetrates into the shallow surface of loess in large quantities, which will cause shallow surface collapse and sliding disasters. When water enters the deep loess along the micro, fine and macroscopic dominant channels, it may cause deep-seated landslides. Thus, the seepage of dynamic water is the major external cause of loess landslide. Construction disturbance will not only change the original stress state of slope, but also expand and loosen the existing structural plane. Nowadays, construction disturbance has become an important geological agent to induce geological disasters and is the secondary external cause of loess landslide.
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图 1 黄土高原地质构造略图
①—西秦岭北缘断裂；②—拉脊山断裂；③—日月山断裂；④—海原断裂带；⑤—六盘山断裂带；⑥—北山断裂带；⑦—吕梁山断裂带；⑧—太行山断裂带；⑨—秦岭北缘断裂带
Figure 1. Sketch of the geological structure of the Loess Plateau
图 2 西秦岭北缘断裂带及天水刘家堡滑坡
a—西秦岭北缘断裂带影响区的小断层带；b—2013年12月16日天水刘家堡滑坡
Figure 2. Fault zone at the northern margin of the Western Qinling Mountains and the Liujiapu Landslide
图 3 六盘山构造带及由其控制发育的滑坡
a—六盘山东缘构造带伴生的张性断裂带所发育的河流及沿河黄土滑坡；b—泾河北岸所触发的平凉市大路村滑坡群
Figure 3. Liupanshan tectonic belt and the landslides controlled by it
图 4 秦安盆地边缘滑坡
a—秦安盆地构造及黄土滑坡；b—位于白驼河南岸的林屲村滑坡
Figure 4. Landslides at the edge of the Qin′an Basin
图 5 陕北滑坡分布及杨山输油站滑坡
a—鄂尔多斯台地隆起影响下的滑坡分布图；b—位于延河北岸的延安市杨山输油站滑坡
Figure 5. Distribution of landslides in Northern Shannxi and the landslide in the Yangshan Oil Transfer Station
图 6 渭河西段断裂及沿线滑坡
a—汾渭盆地构造带西段伴生次级断层；b—宝鸡塬边滑坡群
Figure 6. Faults and landslides on the west section of Weihe
图 10 黑方台的断层和构造节理
a—黑方台航拍影像；b—基岩中的断层破碎带上穿黄土层中；c—黄土层中断层破碎带通达地表
Figure 10. Faults and structural joints in Heifangtai
图 14 水敏性黄土结构及强度软化线
a—黄土结构屈服应力随含水量变化图；b—黄土强度参数随含水量变化图
Figure 14. Structure and yield line of water-sensitive loess
图 15 CTC不排水有效应力路径及不稳定区
Figure 15. CTC undrained effective stress path and the unstable region
图 16 边坡静动水压变化模型图
Figure 16. Model diagram showing static and dynamic water pressure changes of the slope
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