Multistage evolution of mantle plume and the ore-forming and ore-controlling role of mantle branch structure: A study on mineralization of the Guojiadian mantle branch structure in northwestern Jiaodong
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摘要: 文章简要介绍了幔枝构造成矿理论，探讨了幔枝构造的特征、单元划分、断裂构造体系以及成矿控矿作用。在燕山运动晚期，华北东部地区进入了以伸展构造为主的地幔热柱演化阶段，在胶西北地区形成了莱阳地幔亚热柱及其外围郭家店、栖蓬、牟乳等幔枝构造。其中，郭家店幔枝构造于燕山运动晚期发生强烈的构造活动，总体形成了以焦家断裂为主的拆离带和与其相交的以三山岛断裂为反向铲状断裂的构造体系，同时控制着玲珑、焦家、三山岛等一系列大型—超大型矿床的形成。在众多成矿控矿因素中，区域性断裂构造是重要的主导性因素，既为成矿流体的运移提供了通道，又为成矿储矿提供了有利空间。深源含矿流体可通过地幔热柱→地幔亚热柱→幔枝构造→有利构造扩容带，即脆韧性-韧脆性剪切带、侵入岩体的内外接触带、密集的构造裂隙带、各种脉岩与围岩的接触带等有利构造部位集聚成矿。近年来在胶西北深部勘查发现，浅部沿断裂展布的若干个大—中型金矿在其深部的成矿蚀变构造带可能是连为一体的，一起组合成为超大型金矿。Abstract: This paper briefly introduces the establishment of metallogenic theory of mantle branch structure, the characteristics, unit division and fault structure system of mantle branch structure, as well as its mineralization. During the late Yanshanian movement, the eastern part of North China entered the evolutionary stage of mantle plume dominated by extensional structures. The Laiyang mantle sub plume and its surrounding mantle branch structures, such as Guojiadian, Qipeng and Mouru, were formed in northwestern Jiaodong. The Guojiadian mantle branch structure was strongly active in the late Yanshanian, which generally formed the Jiaojia fault as a main detachment zone in the hanging wall and the Sanshandao fault as a reverse shovel fault intersecting with the Jiaojia fault, and controlled the formation of a series of large and super large deposits such as the Linglong, Jiaojia and Sanshandao gold deposits. Among many ore-forming and controlling factors, regional fault structure should be an important dominant factor, which not only provides channels for the migration of ore-forming fluids, but also provides favorable spaces for the precipitation of ore-forming materials. The deep source ore-bearing fluids are concentrated and mineralized through mantle plume, sub-mantle plume, mantle branch structure, favorable structural expansion zones successively, i.e.brittle ductile-brittle shear zone, internal and external contact zone of intrusive rock mass, dense structural fracture zone, contact zone between vein rock and surrounding rock. In recent years, deep geological exploration in northwestern Jiaodong has found that several large and medium-sized gold deposits in the shallow distributed along the regional fault might be integrated in a certain depth and often became a super large gold deposit.
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图 1 地球层圈结构特征及地幔热柱多级演化模式图(据Maruyama et al., 1994修改)
Figure 1. Structural characteristics of the Earth's stratosphere and the model of the multistage evolution of mantle plume(modified after Maruyama et al., 1994)
图 2 胶西北地区地质构造与矿床展布简图(据毛景文等，2005修改)
▲石英脉型金矿；●蚀变岩型金矿；★角砾岩型金矿
1—第四纪沉积物; 2—白垩纪火山岩; 3—元古宙变质岩; 4—太古宙变质岩; 5—侏罗纪花岗岩; 6—白垩纪花岗闪长岩; 7—断裂及推测断裂; 8—莱阳地幔亚热柱Figure 2. Brief map of geological structure and deposit distribution in the northwest of Jiaodong(modified after Mao et al., 2005)
图 3 纱岭矿床I-2号矿体等值线显示矿床特征(据宋国政等，2017修改)
红色断线表示等值线的不同分支及其延伸趋势方向
a—厚度等值线(单位/m); b—品位等值线图(单位/×10-6)Figure 3. Isolines of the I-2 ore body show characteristics of the Shaling deposit (modified after Song et al., 2017). Red lines indicate the branches and extension directions of the isolines.
图 4 等值线显示多股含矿流体充填成矿特征(据李士先等，2007修改)
粗断线表示等值线的不同分支及其延伸方向
a—岭南金矿床主矿体厚度等值线(单位/m)；b—台上金矿床矿体品位等值线(单位/×10-6)Figure 4. Isolines show the characteristics of multi-strand ore-bearing fluid filling and mineralization (modified after Li et al., 2007. Coarse-broken lines represent different branches of isolines and their extension directions)
图 5 地幔热柱多级演化及其幔枝构造成矿控矿作用
a—地幔热柱多级演化及成矿物质迁移途径(1—地球内核; 2—内、外核间转换带；3—地球外核; 4—核、幔间转换带；5—地幔；6—岩石圈；7—地幔柱; 8—深源岩浆作用)；b—胶西北地区幔枝构造成矿-控矿模式图(1—第四系；2—白垩系火山岩；3—基底变质岩系；4—花岗岩；5—二长花岗岩；6—花岗闪长岩；7—辉石闪长岩；8—地幔亚热柱侵入岩；9—下地壳拆沉块体；10—地幔岩；11—酸性岩脉；12—中基性岩脉；13—基性岩脉；14—拆离带或反铲状断裂；15—地壳中拆离带；16—剪切带；17—大气降水；18—深源上升流体；19—焦家金矿；20—玲珑金矿)
Figure 5. Multistage evolution of the mantle plume and the ore-forming metallogenesis and ore-controlling of its mantle branch structure
图 6 胶西北金矿中不同蚀变强度矿石的含金特征
a—玲珑金矿区围岩花岗岩中两组钾化蚀变；b—焦家金矿-150 m中段条带状钾化硅化蚀变；c—焦家金矿-150 m中段钾化硅化矿化；d—-150 m中段节理切割钾化黄铁矿化金矿化；e—-150 m中段硅化黄铁矿化强烈，金品位较高；f —山东黑岚沟金矿脉状金矿(摄于黑岚沟金矿)
Figure 6. Gold-bearing characteristics of ores with different alteration intensities of gold deposits in northwestern Jiaodong
图 7 焦家金矿岩石薄片中可见长石与石英的碎裂特征
a—近矿围岩中钾长石裂隙中充填有绢云母晶体(正交偏光)；b—黄铁绢云岩化碎裂花岗岩中残留有早期拉长的石英颗粒(正交偏光)
Figure 7. Fractographic characteristics of feldspar and quartz in the thin sections of the Jiaojia gold deposit
图 8 纱岭矿区深部找矿靶区示意图(据宋国政等，2017修改)
1—勘查区(矿区)范围；2—主矿体及编号；3—预测靶区及编号；4—钻孔位置及编号；5—勘探线及编号
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of prospecting target areas in the deep of the Shaling mining area(modified after Song et al., 2017)
表 1 地壳与地球中主要元素丰度分布
Table 1. Abundances of major elements in the crust and the Earth
元素/% O Si Al Fe Mg Ca K Na 其他 地壳 46 28 8 6 4 2.4 2.3 2.1 < 2 地球 30 15 1.1 35 13 1.1 2.4 1.9 < 2 
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表 2 金、银在地球各圈层中的分布特征(据霍明远，1991；裴荣富等，1999；李士先等, 2007, 等修改)
Table 2. Distribution of gold and silver in the Earth's layers(modified after Huo, 1991; Pei et al., 1999; Li et al., 2007)
地球的圈层划分 壳-幔-核的质量百分比/ % 金的分布状态 银的分布状态 各圈层金的丰度值/×10-9 各圈层所占比重/×10-9 各圈层中金占比例/% 各圈层银的丰度值/×10-9 各圈层所占比重/×10-9 各圈层中银占比例/% 地壳 0.4 3.0 1.2 0.00423 80.0 32.0 0.01005 地幔 68.1 1.0 68.1 0.23962 55.0 3745.5 1.17495 地核 31.5 900.0 28350.0 99.75615 10000.0 315000.0 98.81500 地球 100.0 284.0 28419.3 100.00000 3188.0 318777.5 100.00000
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表 3 金、银的主要地球化学参数(据涂光炽和霍明远，1991修改)
Table 3. Main geochemical parameters of gold and silver (modified after Tu and Huo, 1991)
主要参数 Au Ag 主要参数 Au Ag 原子序数 79 47 地球化学电价 0, 1+, 3+ 0, 1+, 2+ 原子量 196.97 107.87 原子半径/nm 0.1442 0.144 原子体积/(cm3/mol) 10.2 10.3 共价半径/nm 0.134 0.134 原子密度/(g/cm3) 19.3 10.5 离子半径/nm 0.137(+1), 0.085(+3) 0.126(+1), 0.089(+2) 熔点/℃ 1063.00 960.80 电离势/eV 9.22 7.574 沸点/℃ 2966.00 2212.00 还原电位/V Au3+→Au, 1.42 Ag+→Ag, 0.7996 电子结构 5d106s1 4d105s1 离子电位 0.73(+1), 3.53(+1) 0.79(+1), 2.25(+2) 电负性 2.3 1.9 EK值 0.65(+1) 0.60(+1) 地壳丰度/×10-9 4 80
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表 4 地球及各圈层部分元素分布表及特征(据霍明远，1991修改)
Table 4. Distribution and characteristics of some elements in the Earth and its different layers (modified after Huo, 1991)
元素 元素特征 地壳/ ×10-6 上地幔/ ×10-6 下地幔/ ×10-6 地核/ ×10-6 地球/ ×10-6 名称(符号) 比重/×10-9 熔点/℃ 沸点/℃ 稀碱金属 锂(Li) 0.534 179 1317 21 4.1 0.5 - 1.4 铷(Rb) 1.532 38.89 688 78 2.6 2.0 - 1.8 铯(Cs) 1.8785 28.5 690 1.4 0.3 0.1 - 0.09 碱土金属 锶(Sr) 2.6 769 1384 480 120 10 - 40 钡(Ba) 3.51 725 1638 390 76 1 - 23 铁族元素 铁(Fe) 7.86 1535 3000 58000 95000 98000 82000 32000 钴(Co) 8.90 1495 2900 25 160 200 420 260 镍(Ni) 8.85 1452 3075 89 1500 2000 48000 16000 贵金属 金(Au) 19.3 1063 2966 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.9 0.8 银(Ag) 10.5 960.8 2212 0.08 0.06 0.005 10 3.2
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表 5 幔枝构造单元特征
Table 5. Characteristics of different units of mantle branch structure
特征 轴部岩浆-变质杂岩隆起区 盖层拆离滑脱区 外围上叠断陷盆地区 构造 形式 多为正向穹窿区 正向主、次级拆离滑脱区 多为铲状断裂控制的断陷 形态 一般为浑圆状，受其他构造控制、干扰可为长轴状 主要环绕核部岩浆-变质杂岩隆起区展布 多为不规则断陷火山-沉积盆地 断裂 规模 超岩石圈断裂-岩石圈断裂 基底断裂 基底断裂-盖层断裂 性质 韧性-脆韧性变形 脆韧性-韧脆性变形 脆性断裂为主 岩石组合 主要为岩浆-变质杂岩 中晚元古界及其以上盖层地层 主要为侏罗-白垩系火山-沉积岩系 岩浆演化 深成基性-中酸-碱性岩浆活动均可发育 中深成中酸性岩浆活动为主 浅成火山喷出岩为主 变质作用 面状区域性变质作用为主，接触变质作用 线状动力变质作用为主 低级变质作用火山-沉积为主 成矿作用 Au、Cu、Mo等 Au、Ag等 Ag、Pb、Zn等
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表 6 胶东地区白垩纪地层及其划分对比表
Table 6. Table of Cretaceous strata and their division and correlation in the Jiaodong area
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